Jens Eickelmann Driving Force Jens Eickelmann Jens Electromobility Business development and growth strategies in the field of electromobility Driving Force Electromobility Force Driving Driving Force Electromobility Business development and growth strategies in the field of electromobility Jens Eickelmann Disclaimer: The contents of this document have been compiled and verified care- fully by the author. However, no guarantee of correctness can be given. Phoenix Contact, the author, and the translation (if appli- cable) shall not be held legally accountable or liable in any way for possibly remaining erroneous information or consequences resulting from such information. Publisher: Phoenix Contact E-Mobility GmbH Hainbergstraße 2 32816 Schieder-Schwalenberg Germany All rights reserved by the author, including the rights of reprinting in part, of reproduction and distribution using special methods like photo-mechanical reprint, photocopy, microcopy, electronic data cap- ture including storage and transfer to other media, as well as the right of translation into other languages. 1st edition 2017 Preface This book is addressed to anybody who is interested in learning about the wide range of topics in the field of electromobility from the viewpoint of Phoenix Contact. Electromobility is more than the mere swapping of a combustion engine for an electric motor in a traditional vehicle. Electric vehicles will be part of a decentralized power grid, in which recuperative energy generation will play a cen- tral role. Integration into “smart structures“ will create an intelligent network of new mobility concepts with the existing infrastructure, with the driver and their needs in the focus. This book describes the newly forming electromobility market with all its key determinant factors and stakeholders. It also includes a description of the development processes behind the new technologies as well as their concrete applications. Explicit application examples of the realization of tasks using products an solutions by Phoenix Contact are provided for market actors in the field of loading infras- tructure. This book may therefore serve its readers as a guideline for the industry and its development. All these aspects are interdependent. Accordingly, all the chapters of this book contain references to previous and subsequent contents. All the while, the various topics are treated with a sufficient degree of independence to provide a basic understanding of the complex matter of electromobility even when reading only individual sections. 3 As of recently, I have been gathering everyday hands- on experience driving a BMW i3 REx. Even though a certain amount of planning is required, most trips within Germany and its neighboring countries can be done electrically without undue effort. Jens Eickelmann, Business Development Manager for Electromobility, Phoenix Contact Deutschland GmbH. email: [email protected] www.twitter.com/zukunfterfahren Winter 2017 4 Contents List of Figures 11 List of Tables 17 1 Introduction 19 1.1 Status quo ........................ 19 1.2 Market challenges .................... 22 1.3 How to use this book .................. 25 2 Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ 27 3 The company 31 3.1 Phoenix Contact GmbH & Co. KG .......... 31 3.2 Phoenix Contact E-Mobility GmbH .......... 33 3.3 Phoenix Contact Cyber Security AG ......... 34 4 International Market Development 37 4.1 Market development .................. 37 4.2 Directive 2014/94/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure ...................... 40 5 Technologies in electromobility 43 5.1 Types of electromobility ................ 44 5.1.1 Electromobility in passenger cars ....... 44 5.1.2 Electromobility for utility vehicles ...... 45 5.1.3 Electromobility for watercraft ......... 47 5.1.4 Electromobility on two wheels ......... 48 5.1.5 Aviation ..................... 49 5.1.6 Interim conclusion ............... 50 5.2 Types and details of electric vehicles ......... 50 5.2.1 Technologies of electric vehicles ........ 50 5 Contents 5.2.2 Trailblazers of their class ‘important electric vehicles ..................... 51 5.2.2.1 Mitsubishi EV ............ 52 5.2.2.2 Nissan Leaf .............. 52 5.2.2.3 Opel Ampera ............. 53 5.2.2.4 VW e-up! ............... 53 5.2.2.5 BMW i3 ............... 54 5.2.2.6 Tesla Model S ............ 55 5.2.2.7 Renault Zoe ............. 55 5.2.2.8 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV .... 56 5.2.3 Limited range - (no) deal breaker for electro- mobility ..................... 58 5.2.4 The cost of electromobility .......... 59 5.2.5 Energy and second-life concepts for lithium-ion batteries ..................... 61 5.3 Approaches to charging systems ............ 66 5.3.1 Conductive charging .............. 67 5.3.1.1 AC charging ............. 68 5.3.1.2 DC charging ............. 71 5.3.2 Inductive charging ............... 74 5.3.3 Battery change ................. 78 5.3.4 Excursion: Hydrogen .............. 80 5.3.5 Summary: Approaches to charging systems . 82 5.4 Standardization environment for conductive charging 82 5.4.1 The worldwide standardization process .... 82 5.4.2 Standards for the charging infrastructure . 83 5.4.3 Characteristics of conductive charging systems for electric vehicles ............... 90 5.4.3.1 Configuration of charging connectors 92 5.4.3.2 Charging modes according to IEC 61851 93 5.4.3.3 The pilot signal acc. to IEC 61851 . 97 5.4.3.4 ISO/IEC 15118 ........... 98 5.4.4 DC charging systems .............. 103 5.4.4.1 CHAdeMO .............. 103 5.4.4.2 CCS .................. 105 5.4.4.3 CHAdeMO and CCS - summary . 107 5.4.4.4 Temperature monitoring for connec- tor systems .............. 109 6 Contents 5.4.4.5 HPC - High Power Charging .... 111 5.4.4.6 Bidirectional charging ........ 114 5.4.4.7 CharIN ................ 116 5.5 Charging electric vehicles ............... 116 5.5.1 Practical check of charging methods ..... 117 5.5.2 Tesla-amodelforsuccess with a proprietary charging method ................ 120 5.5.3 ZE-Ready .................... 121 5.6 The key topic of energy ................ 122 5.6.1 Energy management .............. 122 5.6.2 Reliable charging energy bill ......... 126 5.6.3 The Calibration Act under revision - new or- dinances effective from 2015 .......... 131 5.6.4 Selling energy - not (yet) everybody‘s cup of tea132 5.7 Information and communication technology ICT . 133 5.7.1 Integration of charging infrastructure into smart structures .................... 134 5.7.1.1 Smart Traffic ............. 135 5.7.1.2 Smart grid .............. 136 5.7.1.3 Smart car ............... 136 5.7.1.4 Smart home ............. 137 5.7.1.5 Key topics in ICT .......... 139 5.7.2 Interoperability as a success factor for the mass market ...................... 145 5.7.2.1 Charge point operator ........ 146 5.7.2.2 Electromobility providers ...... 148 5.7.2.3 eRoaming platform Hubject .... 150 5.7.2.4 e-roaming platforms ladenetz.de and e-clearing.net ............. 153 5.7.2.5 Comparison of e-roaming platforms 156 5.7.3 Park and charge services ............ 157 5.7.4 PlugFinder and other services ......... 159 6 Charging infrastructure for electromobility 161 6.1 Charging infrastructure designs ............ 163 6.1.1 Charging in private homes (wallbox) ..... 163 6.1.2 Charging in public spaces ........... 169 6.1.3 DC quick charging ............... 174 7 Contents 6.2 Commercial and technical conditions ......... 177 6.2.1 Cost of charging infrastructure ........ 177 6.2.2 Residual current detection in the charging in- frastructure ................... 179 6.2.3 Overvoltage protection in electromobility . 182 6.2.4 The charging station as electrical equipment - installation and testing ............ 183 6.3 Smart charging ..................... 183 6.3.1 Control technology by Phoenix Contact . 184 6.3.2 Visualization .................. 186 6.3.3 Cybersecurity/data security .......... 188 6.4 Charging/load management .............. 189 6.4.1 Control scenarios ................ 189 6.4.2 Application example of simple load management191 6.4.3 Charging for Phoenix Contact employees . 193 6.5 The Phoenix Contact Charging Suite ......... 194 6.6 Charging station with Phoenix Contact ....... 195 6.6.1 Concept in high-level language ........ 197 6.7 Connectors for electric mobility ............ 198 6.7.1 Global charging standards ........... 198 6.7.2 Contacts of charging connectors ........ 203 7 Applications and success stories in electromobility 207 7.1 “How much power would you like? “ ......... 207 7.2 “Heldele design charging stations“ ........... 212 7.3 “Quick battery change with connectors by Phoenix Contact“ ......................... 215 7.4 “Charging station with a special CO2 footprint“ . 217 7.5 “Shaping the mobility turnaround with load manage- ment“.......................... 223 7.6 WAVE Trophy ..................... 229 8 Outlook 233 8.1 Interfaces with facility systems ............ 233 8.2 Interfaces with energy equipment ........... 233 8.3 DC supply for low-voltage grid ............ 234 8.4 Autonomous vehicles .................. 234 8 Contents 9 Summary 237 10 Bibliography 243 List of abbreviations 249 A Appendix 255 A.1 Connectivity ...................... 255 A.2 Control ......................... 258 A.2.1 Device Monitor ................. 258 A.2.2 Modbus commands ............... 258 A.2.3 Easy analog CCR load management ..... 259 A.2.4 EVCC Advanced web-based management . 260 A.2.5 RCM monitor connection ........... 265 A.2.6 Charging technology kits ........... 268