149 floor is strewed with grave-stones; one covers the remains of an aged ecclesiastic of the Eomish communion, and is inscribed " Sa. Bo. Ca, Ecc Sacer. ob. die 3° Ap. Ano Domini 1738 at suss 74 Requiescat in Pace." These stones are partially covered by brambles and rank grass that grow ln wild luxuriance. Such is the crude description of the present state of this picturesque ruin; it now remains to endeavour to ascertain when and by whom it was founded, and the cause that led to its present dilapidated condition. Examining the ecclesiastical records of the county from the Taxatio Ecclesiastica, 1291, to the royal commission issued 26th Henry Eighth, 1534-5, the name of Lydiate Chapel does not occur. From this it may be inferred that it was not consecrated. Pennant, in his tour from Downing to Alston Moor, in the year 1773, is the first who has given any account of it. His remarks are illustrated with a tolerably correct view of the ruins. He says " Lydiate Chapel, a small but most beautiful building, with a tower steeple, with pinnacles and battlements, venerably overgrown in many parts with ivy. It had been a Chapel of Ease to the Parish Church of Halsall, dedicated to St. Catherine, and supposed to have been founded by one of the Irelauds of Lydiate Hall; over the door are the letters L. I. for Lawrence Ireland, probably the founder." It is to be regretted that so laborious and respected an antiquary and topographer as Pennant, has not given the authority for his calling it a Chapel of Ease, and for saying that it was dedicated to St. Catherine. Subsequent writers have not thrown any additional light on its history, nor yet recapitulated Mr. Pennant's remarks. The arms and initials on the shields on the porch of the ruin point to the era and the individual who founded it, therefore its history must be sought for in the manorial and genealogical records of the parish. The Manor of Lydiate, time of Edward the Confessor, was held by Uctred, a Saxon. There were six bovates of land, a wood one mile long, and two quarterns broad, valued at sixty-four pence. At the conquest it followed the fate of the rest of the Manors of the Hundred of West Derby. It localized the name of a family, the last of -whom was Catherine de Lydiate, time of Richard the Second, who married Robert de Blackburne, 150 by whom she had a daughter and heir, Agnes, who carried it by marriage into the family of the Irelands, of Hutt and Hale, being united to Thomas Ireland, son of Sir John Ireland, and his wife, Margaret Halsall, of Halsall. Thomas Ireland thus became the founder of the Irelands of Lydiate, and died prior to the 11th Henry the Sixth, 1433, and was succeeded by his son, Lawrence, who married Catherine, daughter of Henry Blundell, of Little Crosby. He enlarged the family seat, Lydiate Hall, in the spandrils of the doorways of which, are carved his initials L. I. Having supplied his temporal wants, his attention was directed to the prime, the spiritual. His parish Church, Halsall, being situate at the inconvenient distance of three miles and a half, and those of the adjoining parishes of Aughton and Sephton equidistant; no doubt he erected this edifice as a domestic Chapel, on the domain about four hundred yards south-east of the hall. The initials on the shields on the porch of the ruin, the armorial bearing, the dedication and the architecture, com­ bine to confirm it. The late Mr. Eickman, who commenced his architec­ tural career amongst us, originated an invaluable nomenclature of English architecture ; and established, by.laborious research, the eras of its various styles. In his work, which is now acknowledged to be the best authority on the subject, he considers the perpendicular style to have prevailed from the year 1377, time Eichard the Second, down to the close of the reign of Henry the Eighth, 1546, a period which embraces the life of the founder, and in which style this edifice is constructed. The dedication to St. Catherine must be considered in honour of his wife Catherine Blundell, whose initials, C. I., are on the shield to the east of the entrance to the porch, opposite to his own on the west. Above the porch are his arms, charged with a spear in bend between the fleur-de-lis, as a difference to distinguish them from those of the paternal house, a shield of which, charged with six fleur-de-lis, three, two, and one, still exists between the windows of the Hutt, in Halewood. On the demise of the founder, Lawrence Ireland, his son John, who married Beatrix, daughter of William Norris, of Speke, succeeded to the estate, and died 8th May, 1514.* His eldest son, George Ireland, married Calend Inq. post mortem. 151 Isabella Nowell, of Read, by whom he had five sons; Lawrence, John, and Eoger, whom he educated as priests ; Ealph, and Robert. My friend, the late Matthew Gregson, Esq., in his Fragments of Lancashire, states, that George Ireland obtained a grant of arms, in 1516, from Richard St. George, Norroy King-of-Arms. Had this been the case, it would tend to confirm the fact of the Chapel of Lydiate being founded by his grand father Lawrence Ireland, the arms on the porch being "without a border, and those granted by Norroy having a border engrailed charged with pelletes. That it was not so, is clear from Richard St. George not being appointed to the office of Norroy, till the year 1603. To this eventful period during the life of George Ireland, is to be ascribed the desertion and consequent dilapidation of Lydiate Chapel. A great political and religious change was at hand; the heads of the Church possessing all power, civil and political, as well as ecclesiastical, and presuming on that power, endeavoured to usurp complete controul over the civil law. On the other hand, the monastic orders, through kxity in discipline and rapacity in appropriating the revenues of the secular clergy to their own purposes, rendered themselves unpopular. These and other abuses finally led to a royal commission being issued in the year 1535, to ascertain the value of all the ecclesiastical property in the kingdom, and the following year an act was passed for the dissolution of the lesser monas- tries. In the 1st Edward the Sixth, 1547, the dissolution of the Chantries took place, and their revenues were confiscated. These things, no doubt, would have their influence with the Lord of the Manor of Lydiate, and cause him to preserve, if possible, the foundation of his ancestor from falling a sacrifice to these measures. Stripping it as mucji as possible of its ecclesiastical character, and doing away with any endowment it might have, he would try to render it an object that would not call the attention of the royal commissioners. We find that at this time a similar foundation, hut smaller structure, the Chapel or Abbey, as it is miscalled, of Windle, in the parish of Prescot, (founded by a member of the Gerard family,) was an object of contest in the Duchy Court, to which Sir Thomas Gerard ap­ pealed, claiming exemption from the appropriation of certain rents of houses and lands, as an endowment for a priest ;* the result caused the Chapel to * Calend to the pleadings. 153 be neglected and it is now in ruins, of which the only remains are a square tower-and a part of the walls. George Ireland was succeeded by his son, Lawrence, who married Anne, daughter of John Crosse, of Orosse Hall, Mayor of Liverpool, in 1566, 73, and 89. Three months after the acces­ sion of Mary to the Throne, in 1553, the whole of the acts that had been passed relative to ecclesiastical affairs were repealed, and many of the Chantries restored. In the same year, Lawrence was appointed one of the Commanders of the Forces raised in the Hundred of West Derby. He died, 8th Eliz., 1565.* William Ireland, who married Margaret, daughter of Thomas Tarbock, of Tarbock, succeeded his father, and afterwards married, (his second wife) Eleanor, daughter of Koger Molyneux, of Hawkley, by whom he had two sons. At the visitation of the county, by William Flower, Norroy, in the year 1567, he attended and entered the pedigree of his family. He was succeeded by his son, Lawrence Ireland, who married Anne, daughter of Edward Scarisbrick, of Scarisbrick. He had assumed an augmentation to the arms of the family, a border engrailed, as appears by an emblazoned MS. Ordinary, of Lancashire Arms, bearing date in the year 1599, " Ireland, of Lydiate," Gules, a spear in bend or, headed argent, pointing to the sinister base point, at the other end a pennon of the third, between six fleur-de-lis of the last, all within a border engrailed, f No doubt he was induced by a custom which came into use, time of Henry the Eighth, of obtaining grants of crests and augmentations to paternal bearings, before which time a simplicity characterized the arms of our gentry. That he had done so without authority is fully proved by a subsequent occurrence. He died, 7 James I., 1609-10{., and left an only son, Edward, the last male heir of the Irelands of Lydiate. On the visitation of the county, in 1613, Jby Eichard St, George, Norroy, assisted by his son, Henry St. George, Blue Mantle Pursuivant, he entered his pedigree, and obtained the grant * Calend Inq.