Permanent Offense The Weekly Standard Magazine and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995-2005 Francis Michael Rønnestad A Master Thesis Presented to The Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages | North American Area Studies | Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO fall 2012 ii Acknowledgement A special thanks to both my parents for their wholehearted support. I would also like to thank Stian Eide for taking the time to read most of the thesis, and for his valuable comments. My advisor Alf Tomas Tønnessen deserves thanks for his continuous input. I am grateful to William Kristol for allowing me the use of Weekly Standard covers in my thesis. A final thanks to all my teachers throughout life. iii iv © Rønnestad, Francis Michael 2012 Title: Permanent Offense: The Weekly Standard Magazine and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995- 2005 Author: Francis Michael Rønnestad http://www.duo.uio.no/ v Description of Thesis This thesis examines the conservative American magazine the Weekly Standard, through its first ten years, from 1995 until 2005. The emphasis is in the area of foreign policy, an area where the magazine wielded considerable influence during the George W. Bush administration. The primary sources are a large number of representative writing from the Weekly Standard, along with writers from other magazines, as well as memoirs from main actors of the Bush administration. The sources beyond the magazine show the larger context in which the Weekly Standard took part, and how the magazine responded to government policies. The Weekly Standard has since its beginning been associated with the political persuasion of neoconservatism. This study looks at the history of neoconservatism, as well as the links between the writings of the magazine, and the earlier generations of neoconservatives. It then analyzes the developments in the most important areas of foreign policy covered by the Standard: military interventions, Iraq, Afghanistan, and terrorism. vi Contents Chapter One - Introduction. ................................................................................................... 1 Historiography ............................................................................................................................ 4 Chapter Two - A History of Ideas and Neocons .................................................................... 9 Foreign Policy Traditions in America ........................................................................................ 9 A Brief History of Neoconservatism ........................................................................................ 15 Chapter Three - Years in Opposition: Clinton-Bashing and Balkan Boogie ................... 29 A Principled Magazine ............................................................................................................. 29 The Lewinsky Scandal ............................................................................................................. 36 Saddam Must Go ...................................................................................................................... 38 The Kosovo War ...................................................................................................................... 44 Terrorism .................................................................................................................................. 48 Constructing a New National Identity ...................................................................................... 51 Chapter Four - The War on Terror ..................................................................................... 55 Republicans in the White House .............................................................................................. 55 The War on Terror and Afghanistan ........................................................................................ 58 A War of Ideas ......................................................................................................................... 70 The Price of War ...................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter Five - Iraq ................................................................................................................ 79 Leading Up to the War ............................................................................................................. 79 The End of the Beginning ........................................................................................................ 86 The Long Hard Slog ................................................................................................................. 89 A Democratic Iraq .................................................................................................................... 98 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 101 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................ 109 vii viii Chapter One Introduction The essence of American studies is to understand the culture in the North-American countries, both how it developed, and where it is today. When asked by outsiders what American Studies was all about, the author of this thesis explained how a society or a culture was like a diamond with a number of facets, like history, politics, economics, literature etc., all with its own infinite patterns, but also parts of a whole. While most other disciplines looked at one facet, American Studies was equally interested in the whole and how the facets related to each other. There are also more established people in the field that seem to agree with this conception, like Professor of American Studies Jay Gurian who argued how “the unique and important contribution of American Studies is demonstrating that ideas have consequences which can best be understood through their interconnections. If we have a "method' it is the approach to ideas and consequences in the round—a total approach…”1 In the United States of America, a nation founded in a conscious effort by well-read men, and seeking its legitimacy in a set of novel ideas, ideas seemed to have had consequences throughout its history. So with this in mind the author have had a particular interest for the American history of political ideas. Ideas articulated by politicians, scholars and intellectuals, but directed at governing; at linking policies to vision. Neoconservatism is one of the many ideas that have influenced American policies. Especially the foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration seemed to be thought of by its many critics as largely defined by neoconservative ideas. Unfortunately since neoconservatism lacked a membership organization, or even a manifesto, a lot of the depictions of the neoconservative way of thought seemed based on assumptions. David Brooks, a former contributor to the Weekly Standard, quipped that if you ever see a sentence that starts with ‘neocons believe,’ there is a 99.44 percent chance everything else in that sentence will be untrue.2 A lot of what has been written concerning neoconservatism has been strongly 1 Jay Gurian, “American Studies and the Creative Present.” Midcontinent American Studies Journal (Spring 1969) : https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/viewFile/2151/2110 (accessed 11.04.2012) 2 Irwin Stelzer (ed.), Neoconservatism (London: Atlantic Books, 2004), 42 1 politicized, or prone to a simplified narrative centered on the philosopher Leo Strauss.3 This emphasis led the self-professed ex-neoconservative Francis Fukuyama to state that “more nonsense has been written about Leo Strauss and the Iraq war than on virtually any other subject.”4 As far as this author have been able to find, only the French historian Justin Vaïsse has written a non-polemic, substantive academic work on the general influence of the neoconservatives in recent decades. To find a field that is often talked about, yet not ‘studied to death,’ is a rare thing. It was clear to me that a clearly influential magazine like the Weekly Standard, having been published on a weekly basis since 1995, should be written about academically.5 This thesis is a beginning. My initial goal was to analyze an aspect of the neoconservative intellectual movement with a minimum of preconceptions. I also wanted to look at how ideas and political / historical developments interconnected over a period of time. Since foreign policy in later years have been seen as the most important, and controversial, aspect of the movement in later years, it seemed a natural choice. The prospect of writing a thesis on the magazine the Weekly Standard seemed tempting. It was, along with Commentary, seen as the neoconservative opinion magazine, but unlike Commentary in recent years it was also well known outside neoconservative circles. Also, a magazine being “always a date, ‘an issue,’ a moment,” as literary critic Alfred Kazin once wrote, it captured the interconnections between ideas and history in a most effective way.6 The challenge of the project was how a magazine consists of a wide number of contributors, writing a massive amount of articles. Secondly since nobody, as far as this author has discovered, have ever written an academic article, a thesis, or a book on the magazine, I would have to navigate the primary sources - the magazine articles - from scratch. In addition, no magazine exists