Lessons Learned Discovery Lifeboat Reform Lying 3.8 Idlometres underwater, Titanic’s wreck Tita,uc deckehair, Most people aboard Titanic were doomed because remained mysterious and undisturbed until 1985 recovered by Minia and her lifeboats could carry only half of those aboard. when it was discovered and American given to Re”. Henn’ W, by a French After Cunningham for his work Titanic, additional boats were immediately expedition. Important scientific studies of Titanic’s performing memorial installed on North Atlantic steamships. Within a wreck have been led by Canadian scientists at the j’gan,e during her services and burials at sea. year international regulations required lifeboats for Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Halifax. They single div of sea trials IIMA, N1%,8t13 everyone and regular drills. include the first tests of Titanic’s steel plating and at Belfast Lough pioneer studies of the iron drippings called “rusti April 2, 1912. Ulster Milk and The Role of Wireless des” that cover her wreck. THE UNSINKABLE_SHIP AND Trausj,ort (tiscum, Investigations revealed Titanic’s wreck has also attracted sahagers who 111722 that heavy commercial have picked over the wreck for commercial display, wireless traffic had taken a practice opposed by most marine museums. They priority over ice warn consider Titanic to be a memorial and archeological ings. Some exhausted site requiring minimal intervention, systematic wireless operators were mapping and sharing of research for study by other 4am off duty and asleep when archeologists and scientists. As ThE TWENTIETII CENTURY DAWNED many felt marine tragedies Titanic called. New regu were a thing of the past. Science promised solutions to everything, lations required a contin Titanic and Popular Culture from poverty to disasters. The engineering marvels of the age were uous watch for distress Titanic instantly became a landmark in popular cul steamships. Steel hulls, turbines and electricity enabled ships to calls. They also called for ture. Within weeks of her loss, films, books and quadruple in size in the ten years before 1912. Fighting to exploit automatic alarms, to be countless musical pieces were produced and an increased immigration, business and leisure travel were rival triggered by distress calls. entire industry still thrives around Titanic. Interest steamship lines: the Cunard Line (originally found by Samuel Cunard has ebbed and flowed over the decades as each gen from Halifax) and the White Star Line. When Cunard launched the One of Recommended Reading International Ice Patrol eration finds new meanings in the Titanic tragedy TITANIC giant jVfauretania in 1907, XVhite Star Line responded with plans for Titanic’s most ltrosvn, Richard. %‘orage ofihe Titanic, spectacular Iceberg, (1 953). The sinking frito Before ships depended on occasional reports written by Dan &&i,, two of the largest steamships in the world, interior :1 ic :ccocrgs lxsin tnf view, written from nearby ships. These were often dismissed. Gross tonnage: 45,328 Olympic and Titanic. ic I dal:Lc:.n scientist exploring er4 feanires was After Titanic, an international ice patrol was estab Length: 288.8 m (SBt) :lic natural and litonan tision’ of Titanic was launched on May 31, 1911. her forward the disastc r. lished to track ice movements, issue warnings and Breadth 28.2 m (9z’r) Building on lessons from Olympic, she was an Grand Eaton, Joh,,: and charles llaas. research ice conditions. It continues, today using Depth 18.1 m (swr) extra thousand tons and carried a hundred Staircase. This Titanic: Triumph and Tragedy satellites. passengers. phustograph of (2nd Edition, 1997). An exltaus’ more For her brief career, she was ice arcisunt, including a detailed $92 crewmembers the largesr ship in the world, in fact the largest Olympic’s chapter on the role of I lalifax, Capacity for moving object yet created. Larger ocean liners staircase is a close match. Lord, Wilier. A Night to 2588 passengers were built after Titanic, but few matched her Rcmtmbcr(1955) The classic Lil,r’arv if Ctingrcus, minute Isy minute account of the legendary reputation and lavish craftsmanship. US Z6226812 disaster. Thre, propellers, Titanic’s seven decks provided the l.s’rich, Don and ken Marscl,all. Four funnels facilities of a small city, from a post office to Titanic Titanic: An Illustrated I listony (three working and sidewalk cafés. Three passenger classes were Newell Post, (1992 A Israutifully illustrated ) (above) and dctailcd portrait of Titanic, one for show) rigidly segregated by locked barriers, and % ranged from ornate decoration and country recovered Websites with bodies kncvclnptd:a Timanica 20 Weboats (holding club facilities in First to spartan painted steel, by iii’ rux::iL:.co.uk/c’dcivrbj cable ship lea than hail of low ceilings and in t,tct/1ihintV naked light bulbs Third. Ahnza. Dc,ailcd pastrngcr and acwlists, passengers and aew). Titanic left Southampton on April 10, Artifact oaectl by with inks to many’ ssth,rr Titanic s,tcs. 1912, stopping briefly in Cherhourg, France Nuuva Scotia and Oueenstown (now Cohh), Ireland. She Archtists and The YItank and Halifax due to arrive Rea ccli huitu://ti:aIiic.gov.ns ci’iiida.l,onl ,J tciiu’mfleny was in New York on April 17. Updated infusnitatisin iNset 2slaaagew,cnt Titanic and icr conncc:i,,ns it’ N12’lA. I lalifax. N-I? 922 lit ,lariiiinc Mtisttimn oldie Atlantic “I cannot conceive of any disaster happening to this vessel. ://www. celnet. nt.caledud Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that.” is ii tc 0 n ho n: aJ NOVA SCOTIA liufl,rniatius:, ahsutur thit museum, Captain Edward Smith in 1906, six years before he took command of Titanic. its Titanic cuullcctiu,o and Titanic J. related events. MUSEUM v,c,ifle A FAMILY 0f25 MUSEUMS You may reproduce InJis freely P/case credit The Nova Scotia A’luseom, Department o,f’Education and Co/litre 0498 — Before the survivors even arrived in New York, “As far as the eye could see, the ocean was strewn with wreckage and debris, the first cable ship left lialifit.x to search for bodies. with bodies bobbing up and down in the cold sea.” With a 100 coffins, tons of ice, an undertaker and a chaplain, Mackay—Bennett left on April 17, arriving Arminias Wiseman aboard Pvlackay—Bennett arriving at disaster site April 20, 1912 on-site three days later. They found 306 bodies, so many that embalming fluid ran out and 116 had to be buried at sea. Another cable ship, Minia, depart ed Halifax on April 22, relieving Mackay—Bennett and finding another 17 bodies. The Canadian :7 rr jj. r With flags at half mast and coffins stacked on the stern, A’Iathay—Bennett arrived in Halifax to the tolling of church bells on April 30, 1912. l\Il\IA, MI’ 293.1 Aboard Mi,,ia, a Titanic victim is prepared for a make—shift coffin from the pile on deck. NSARM, NJ1S A FIalifiLx boat crew picks Despite numerous ice warnings, Titainc steamed already on the way with relatives and immigration Government lighthouse supply ship JWontmagny The Titanic graves at Fairview Lawn Cemetery. The 121 graves up a Titanic victim. at nearly flail speed into a large field of pack ice and officials when the news broke. Titanic was gone for left I lalifax on May 6, and found four bodies. A were marked by simple black Recovery was hard, grim icebergs. She struck one at 11:40 pm, April 14 and ever. The Cunard liner carpathia was taking survivors Newfoundland scaling vessel, Algerine, sailed on granite blocks, except where work, amidst large waves sank two hours and forty minutes later. Her report to New York, but the dead would come to Halifax. May 16 but found only one body, steward James and dangerous ice floes. families arranged for larger ed position, 41’ 46’N. Latitude 50’ 14’W. The strategic position of Halifax made it the McGrady, the last to be recovered. In total, 328 Crews were paid double and markers. MMA, N-6812 Longitude, was 700 nautical miles (1130 km.) east base for cable ships which repaired breaks in the bodies were found. Twelve hundred were never given extra rum rations. of Halifax. Of the more than 2200 people aboard underwater telegraph cables connecting Europe recovered, some sinking with Titanic, others being NSARM. N 71(’ Titanic, only 705 sun’ived. and North America. The White Star Line turned dispersed by currents, bad weather and ice. In the first few hours ofconffision,NewYorkoffi to these ships to search for bodies. Their tough Nova Scotia was no stranger to V/hire Star Line ckds believed that a damaged Titanic would come to crews, used to working in rough seas and ice, were shipwrecks. The SS At/antic sank near Halifax in Halifax, the closest major port. Special trains were ideally suited for the grim task. 1873 taking over 500 lives. For the 209 Titanic bodies that came to Halifax, the Deputy Registrar of Deaths John Henry Barnstead improvised a rig orous identification system. Bodies were numbered as they were pulled from the sea and personal effects were bagged. Further details (tattoos, clothes, jewefiery) were noted and photographs taken at the temporary morgue in the Mayflower 3(1 15’ 0’ Curling Rink, then located on Agricola Street. Barnstead’s system proved invaluable after a much larger disaster in 1917 when it was used to It is impossible to identify the handle and identift the 2000 victims of the Halifax 10 II precise iceberg that sank Titanic [lianr Explosion. Even later, in 1992, Barnstead’s meticu but jiiniai crew believed tIns lous records allowed researchers to put names on Baron Dc Hirsch (Jewish). The victims range from one, photographed near bodies p.,.