Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience is a multi-disciplinary overview of psychological and emotional development from infancy through to adulthood. Uniquely, it integrates research and concepts from psychology and neurophysiology with psychoanalytic thinking, providing an unusually rich and balanced perspective on the subject. Written by leaders in their field, the chapters cover: • Biological and neurological factors in the unconscious and memory • The link between genetics and attachment • The early relationship and the growth of emotional life • The importance of a developmental framework to inform psychoanalytic work • Clinical work Drawing on a wide range of detailed case studies with subjects across childhood and adolescence, this book provides a ground-breaking insight into how very different schools of thought can work together to achieve clinical success in work with particularly difficult young patients. Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience represents the latest knowledge beneficial to child psychiatrists and child psychotherapists, as well as social workers, psychologists, health visitors and specialist teachers. Viviane Green is a member of the Association of Child Psychotherapists and the Association for Child Psychoanalysis. She is Head of Clinical Training at the Anna Freud Centre, London, and has developed and taught on child training programmes in Holland and Italy. Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience Creating Connections Viviane Green HOVE AND NEW YORK First published 2003 by Brunner-Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Brunner-Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Brunner-Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2003 selection and editorial matter; Viviane Green: individual chapters, the contributors Paperback cover design by Lisa Dynan All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Emotional development in psychoanalysis, attachment theory, and neuroscience: creating connections/edited by Viviane Green. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58391-134-0 (alk. paper) —ISBN 1-58391-135-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Psychoanalysis. 2. Emotions. 3. Attachment behavior. 4. Neuropsychiatry. 1. Green, Viviane, 1951– RC506.E455 2003 616.89’17–dc21 2003001937 ISBN 0-203-42036-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-63130-7 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 1-58391-134-0 (hbk) ISBN 1-58391-135-9 (pbk) Contents List of Figures vi Contributors vii Introduction 1 Emotional development—biological and clinical approaches—towards an integration VIVIANE GREEN Part 1 1 The human unconscious: the development of the right brain and its role 23 in early emotional life ALLAN N.SCHORE 2 Memory, amnesia and intuition: a neuro-psychoanalytic perspective 53 OLIVER TURNBULL AND MARK SOLMS 3 Attachment, actual experience and mental representation 83 MIRIAM STEELE 4 The interpersonal interpretive mechanism: the confluence of genetics and 103 attachment theory in development PETER FONAGY Part 2 5 Psychotherapeutic work with parents and infants 123 TESSA BARADON 6 The use of fantasy as a psychic organiser for traumatic experience 139 MARTA NEIL 7 Counter-transference, sexual abuse and the therapist as a new 155 developmental object INJI RALPH 8 Leo: the analytic treatment of an elective mute boy 171 VIVIANE GREEN v 9 Young adolescents: development and treatment 183 WILLEM HEUVES 10 Developmental considerations in an adult analysis 203 MARIE ZAPHIRIOU WOODS Index 219 Figures 1.1 Hemispheric brain growth cycles continue asymmetrically throughout childhood, 26 showing early growth spurt of the right hemisphere. 1.2 Affect synchrony. 29 1.3 Sequence of attuned interaction. 31 1.4 Channels of face-to-face communication in protoconversation. 34 1.5 Relationships of brain stem structures to the orbital surface of the right hemisphere. 39 2.1 Encoding, storage and retrieval. 54 2.2 Encoding, storage, retrieval, consolidation. 54 2.3 STM and LTM. 55 2.4 Posterior ‘association’ cortex. 60 2.5 (A) Premotor and inferior parietal cortex. (B) Cerebellum and basal ganglia. 63 2.6 The hippocampus. 66 2.7 The hippocampus and its connections. 70 2.8 The ventromesial quadrant of the frontal lobes. 71 10.1 Dyadic and triadic phenomena in adolescence. 193 Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders and obtain permission to reproduce figures. Any omissions brought to our attention will be remedied in future editions. Contributors Tessa Baradon received a masters degree in public health from the Haddassah Medical School in Jerusalem, where she founded and directed services for adolescents in crisis. After completing her training at the Anna Freud Centre, she established the Parent and Infant Project at the Anna Freud Centre, which she continues to manage. The Project has become a model for similar organisations both in the UK and abroad and extends its training programmes to a wide range of psychoanalytical and other professionals. Tessa Baradon lectures locally and abroad, with a particular focus on parent-infant mental health. Recent publications have addressed issues of technique and processes of change in parent-infant psychotherapy. Peter Fonagy PhD FBA is Chief Executive of the Anna Freud Centre and Freud Memorial Professor of Psychoanalysis and Director of the Sub-Department of Clinical Health Psychology at University College London. He is a clinical psychologist and a training and supervising analyst in the British PsychoAnalytical Society in child and adult analysis. His clinical interests centre around issues of borderline psychopathology, violence and early attachment relationships. His work attempts to integrate empirical research with psychoanalytic theory. His research interests include the study of the outcome of psychoanalytic psychotherapy and the impact of early parent-child relationships on personality development. He holds a number of important positions, which include chairing the Research Committee and Vice-Presidency of the International Psychoanalytic Association, and Fellowship of the British Academy. He is on the editorial board of a number of major journals including Development and Psychopathology. He has published over 200 chapters and articles and has authored or edited several books. His most recent books include What Works for Whom: A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research (With A.Roth, published 1996 by Guilford), Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis (published by Other Press), Evidence-Based Child Mental Health: A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Interventions (with M.Target, D.Cottrell, J.Phillips and Z.Kurtz in press with Guilford) and Affect Regulation, Mentalization and the Development of the Self (with G. Gergely, E. Jurist and M.Target, published by Other Press). Viviane Green is Head of Clinical Training at the Anna Freud Centre. She is an Honorary Lecturer at University College London. She helped set up a child psychotherapy training centre in Utrecht, Holland and has taught and supervised at the University of Padua, Italy. She has contributed chapters to Psychoanalysis and Developmental viii Therapy (edited by A.Hurry, Karnac Books, London, 1998) and The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Psychoanalytic Approaches (edited by M.Lanyado and A.Horne, Routledge, 1999). Willem Heuves is a member of the Dutch Psychoanalytic Society and a member of the Association for Child Psychoanalysis. He is a lecturer at Leiden University and has had a long-standing interest in adolescence. He is widely published. Marta Neil trained at the Anna Freud Centre. She holds posts in the Department of Psychological Medicine at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and in the Department of Child Psychiatry at Milton Keynes Hospital. She has a special interest in work with looked-after children and children who have experienced maltreatment and trauma. Together with Dr Jill Hodges she is involved in research using the Narrative Story Stem Technique to assess internal representations of parent-child interactions of children who have experienced emotional abuse. Inji Ralph is a Child and Adolescent Psychotherapist who trained at the Anna Freud Centre, where she has been working since qualification. She teaches on the clinical training and on the MSc course in Psychoanalytic Developmental Psychology (University College London). She has worked in the NHS. Currently she also works in private practice and has a special interest in parent-infant psychotherapy. Allan N.Schore is Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioural Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles Medical School, and is on the teaching faculties of the Institute of Contemporary Psychoanalysis