Kuschel, G. 2003. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 45, 100 pp. INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS ADVISORY GROUP REPRESENTATIVES OF L ANDCARE RESEARCH Dr O. R. W. Sutherland Landcare Research Lincoln Agriculture & Science Centre P.O. Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand Dr T.K. Crosby and Dr M.-C. Larivière Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF U NIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson Ecology and Entomology Group Soil, Plant, and Ecological Sciences Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF MUSEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF O VERSEAS I NSTITUTIONS Dr M. J. Fletcher Director of the Collections NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit Forest Road, Orange NSW 2800, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Mount Albert Research Centre Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 45 Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) G. Kuschel 7 Tropicana Drive, Mt Roskill, Auckland 1004, New Zealand [email protected] Manaak i W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2003 4 Kuschel (2003): Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2003 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication KUSCHEL, G.. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) / G. Kuschel – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2003. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no. 45). ISBN 0-478-09348-9 I. Title. II. Series. UDC 595.768.23 Suggested citations: Kuschel, G. 2003. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 45, 100 pp. Kuschel G.; Leschen, R. A. B. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Belinae. pp. 48-55 In Kuschel, G. 2003. Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Fauna of New Zealand 45. Prepared for publication by the series editor using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand M~ori text by H. Jacob, Huatau Consultants, Levin. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Front cover: Strobilobius libocedri Kuschel, the pahautea weevil (Illustrator: D. W. Helmore). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology under contract number C09X0202. Fauna of New Zealand 45 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Coleoptera Families Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae Orthoceri Weevils This contribution deals with Orthoceri weevils of the fami- Illustration / Whakaahua: Strobilobius lidocedri lies Nemonychidae, Belidae and Brentidae. Weevils are a Kuschel, a special apionine unique to Cupressaceae, and major taxon of beetles characterised by a head extended amongst apionines almost the only species unique to coni- into a proboscis or rostrum. They are plant-feeders as fers worldwide (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: D. W. Helmore). adult and larva. Depending on how important certain plants are to the economy of a country, weevils are perceived as Ko ng~ w§whara Orthoceri o ng~ wh~nau Nemonychidae, beneficial, of no importance, or pests. They are usually of Belidae, me Brentidae te aronga o t‘nei tuhinga. He tino no importance in their native country, but can become karangatanga ng~ w§whara nÇ te k~hui p§tara nui tonu. Ar~ pests in other countries. However, if noxious weeds have tÇna tino tohu, ko te tipu whakamua o te upoko, ko te host-specific weevils in their original country, the weevils waha, ko te ngutu r~nei kei te pito rawa. He kai tipu ng~ can be imported under strict quarantine conditions and pakeke me te kÇhungahunga. Ko te whakaaro he hanga may be released after ensuring that they are free of pai, he hanga kino r~nei te w§whara, kei te ~hua tonu o te parasitoids and do not affect any native plants. New Zea- noho taonga o ng~ tipu e whai hononga ana ki te w§whara land has already introduced and released weevils for the ki te Çhanga o t‘tahi whenua. I te nuinga o te w~, k~ore te control of gorse and thistles, and is considering other intro- w§whara e whakararu i te iwi i tÇna whenua ake, engari ductions. t‘r~ ka noho hei hanga kino i whenua k‘. Heoi anÇ, m‘n~ Weevils have existed for at least 140 million years, he momo w§whara e noho motuhake ana ki t‘tahi otaota since the era of gymnosperms (cycads and conifers) and kino i tÇna whenua ake, t‘r~ ka ~ta t§kina atu taua w§whara, dinosaurs. Weevil fossils were already abundant well before i runga anÇ i ng~ here tã taratahi e tika ana, ~, ina kitea flowering plants (angiosperms) appeared on earth. k~ore Çna pirinoa, k~ore r~nei Çna p~nga kino ki ng~ r~kau Gymnosperm species have since declined to very low m~ori, hei reira pea tukuna ai kia rarau te noho ki tana numbers, and angiosperms, known only since Cretaceous whenua hou. Kua whakanohoia k‘tia mai ki Aotearoa nei times, have proliferated to some 200 000 species worldwide. ‘tahi w§whara hei patu i te kÇhe me te kotimana, ~, e Early weevils had a long rostrum, with long, slender whakaarohia ana kia t§kina atu anÇ ‘tahi. mandibles and long labial and maxillary palps. These Kua 140 miriona tau, neke atu ng~ w§whara e ora ana mouthpart features strongly suggest that ancestral weevils ki t‘nei ao, ar~, nÇ te w~ o ng~ tipu kano tahanga (ng~ were pollen-feeders. Gymnosperms have large male and cycad me ng~ r~kau whai huainohi) me ng~ moko tuauri. female cones (strobili), and the male cones produce copious Ar~ te huhua o ng~ w§whara m~t~toka kua kitea, nÇ mua amounts of highly nutritious pollen. Therefore it is assumed noa atu i te orokohanga ake o ng~ tipu whaipua. Kua tino that Jurassic weevils would have been specialist pollen heke haere te maha o ng~ tipu kano tahanga, engari ko ng~ feeders, because all extant nemonychid species still have tipu whaipua, i puta tuatahi i te takiw~ Cretaceous, kua pollen as their sole or main diet. tipu kia mano, kia rea – e 200,000 pea ng~ momo puta noa (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Kuschel (2003): Nemonychidae, Belidae, Brentidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) Conventionally, weevils are divided into two convenient i te ao. He whai ngutu roa ng~ w§whara o neher~, he roa, he groups: Orthoceri, defined by having all antennal segments tÇhihi te kauwae, he roa anÇ ng~ hihip~ i ng~ ngutu me te following a straight line, and Gonatoceri, characterised by kauwae. E tohu ana te waha koinei te hanga he kai hae pea ‘broken’or elbowed antennae, the result of a deviation in ng~ w§whara o tua whakarere. He whai huainohi rahi - he an angle of the segments following the basal one (scape). t~ne ‘tahi, he w~hine ‘tahi – (ka k§ia he strobili) ng~ tipu All Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous weevils were Orthoceri kano tahanga, ~, in~ k‘ te nui o te hae mÇmona ka hangaia with straight antennae associated with gymnosperms. The e ng~ huainohi t~ne. NÇ reira, e whakapaetia ana ko te hae vast majority of extant Nemonychidae, and some Belidae, anake pea te kai a ng~ w§whara o te takiw~ Jurassic. Ka retain an association with gymnosperms and still live mutu, katoa ng~ momo nemonychid e ora tonu ana, he kai exclusisvely on Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, and Pinaceae. hae anake, he tino kai r~nei te hae n~ r~tou. This contribution is devoted to the 3 Orthoceri families Kua wehea e te ao pãtaiao ng~ w§whara kia rua ng~ Nemonychidae, Belidae, and Brentidae (the other Orthoceri karangatanga wh~nui: ko te Orthoceri t‘tahi, ko te tohu family Anthribidae, with 58 species, has been revised by tautuhi i t‘nei karangatanga, ko te noho r~rangi tÇtika mai Holloway (1982), Fauna of New Zealand 3). Although o ng~ w~hanga katoa o ng~ pãhihi; ko ng~ Gonatoceri anÇ these 3 families are poorly represented in New Zealand, t‘tahi, ~nÇ nei kua whati, he whai ‘tuke’ r~nei Ç r~tou with only 16 native and 1 introduced species, they are of pãhihi (i p‘r~ ai i te mea he kotiti te ahunga o te w~hanga considerable biological, phylogenetic, and biogeographical tuarua o ng~ pãhihi, ar~, te w~hanga ka whai i muri mai i te interest. All 4 species of Nemonychidae, and 5 out of 6 w~hanga i te pãtake). Katoa ng~ w§whara o te takiw~ species of Belidae, are associated with Podocarpaceae Jurassic me te Cretaceous o Raro, nÇ te karangatanga (totara, rimu, matai, kahikatea and relatives) and Orthoceri, ~, he rere tÇtika ng~ pãhihi, e tohu ana i te Phyllocladacaeae (tanekaha, toatoa). Whilst the hononga ki ng~ tipu kano tahanga. Ko te tino nuinga o ng~ Nemonychidae of New Zealand are closer to the Chilean Nemonychidae, tae atu ki ‘tahi o ng~ Belidae, e honoa species found on Podocarpaceae than to the Australian tonutia ana ki ng~ tipu kano tahanga, ~, kei te noho ones found on Araucariaceae, 5 species of Belidae show a motuhake ki ng~ Araucariaceae, ng~ Podocarpaceae, me definite close affinity to Australia.