SFG3430 V1 FEBRUARY 2014 WEST BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD DHAPA DUMPSITE Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized in association with KADAM, Witteveen+Bos and Tauw in association with KADAM, Witteveen+Bos and Tauw ADDRESS COWI A/S Parallelvej 2 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark TEL +45 56 40 00 00 FAX +45 56 40 99 99 WWW cowi.com FEBRUARY 2014 WEST BENGAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD DHAPA DUMPSITE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT FINAL REPORT PROJECT NO. A016205 DOCUMENT NO. 7B VERSION 6 DATE OF ISSUE 17-06-2013, revision 30-6-2013, rev 17-07-2013, rev 21-9-2013, rev 09-12-2013, rev 10-02-2014 PREPARED NH, Anil Vishwakarma, Anand Kunte, Dr. Dushyant Mishra, Sudeshna Panchal, Dr. S. Kundu, CHECKED Niels Erik Houe, Sangram Kadam APPROVED Niels Erik Houe 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT CONTENTS 1 Summary 14 1.1 Introduction 14 1.1.1 Background 14 1.1.2 The Dhapa Dumping Area 14 1.2 Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment 16 1.2.3 Climate 17 1.2.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 17 1.2.5 Land Use Classification 18 1.2.6 Baseline Environmental Status 18 1.3 Remediation (Closure and Containment) Options 19 1.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 21 1.5 Social Assessment 23 1.5.1 Objective of Social Assessment 23 1.5.2 Methodology for Social Assessment 24 1.5.3 Baseline Social Scenario 24 1.5.4 Potential Social Impacts of the project 25 1.5.5 Community Development Needs 27 1.6 Conclusions 27 2 Introduction 29 3 Project Site Description 31 3.1 The Dhapa Municipal Dumpsite 31 3.1.1 About the Two Dumpsites 32 6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 3.2 Location, Elevation, Approach and Connectivity 33 3.2.1 Location 33 3.2.2 Elevation 36 3.2.3 Approach 36 3.2.4 Connectivity 36 3.3 Site Description 37 3.4 Study Area 38 4 Environmental Assessment 39 4.1 Objective of Environmental Assessment 39 4.2 Methodology for Environmental Assessment 39 4.3 Climate 40 4.3.1 Temperature 40 4.3.2 Wind 41 4.3.3 Cloud Cover 42 4.3.4 Rainfall 43 4.3.5 Humidity 43 4.3.6 Recent Micro Meteorology 44 4.4 Geology and Hydrogeology 54 4.4.1 Regional Geology and Hydrogeology 54 4.4.2 Local Geology 55 4.4.3 Local Hydrogeology 57 4.4.4 Summary of Geological and Hydro Geological Information 61 4.5 Sampling and Analysis 64 4.6 Ground Water Investigations 66 4.6.1 Ground Water Boreholes drilling 66 4.6.2 Ground Water Quality 67 4.6.3 Extent of Ground Water Pollution 70 4.7 Surface Water Investigations 72 4.7.1 Surface Water Sampling 72 4.7.2 Surface Water Quality 72 4.7.3 Extent of Surface Water Pollution 73 4.8 Soil/Sediment Investigations 74 4.8.1 Top Soil/Sediment Sampling 74 4.8.2 Soil Quality 74 4.8.3 Sediment Quality 75 4.8.4 Extent of Sediment Contamination 75 4.9 Ambient Air Monitoring 75 4.9.1 Ambient Air Quality Station 75 4.9.2 Ambient Air Quality 76 7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 4.9.3 Extent of Ambient Air Pollution 77 4.10 Landfill Gas Assessment 78 4.10.1 Landfill Gas Sampling 78 4.10.2 Landfill Gas Quality 80 4.10.3 Extent of Landfill Gas Pollution 81 4.10.4 Assessment of Landfill Gas 81 4.11 Noise Monitoring 82 4.11.1 Monitoring Methodology of Noise Level 82 4.11.2 Noise Level Results 82 4.11.3 Assessment of Noise Results 83 4.12 Flora and Fauna 83 4.12.1 Introduction 83 4.12.2 Terrestrial Flora and Fauna 85 4.12.3 Aquatic Flora and Fauna 88 4.12.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 93 4.12.5 Microbial Ecology 94 4.12.6 Synopsis 94 4.13 Land Use 97 4.13.1 Classification of Landuse and Land cover 97 4.13.2 Land use Classification Synopsis 97 4.13.3 Study Methodology Adopted 98 4.13.4 Class Wise Area Statistics 99 4.13.5 Final Land Use Map Preparation 100 4.14 Summarizing of the Environmental Profile of the project area 100 5 Environmental Risk Assessment 102 5.1 Conceptual Site Model 102 5.1.1 Source 103 5.2 Source-Pathway-Receptor Analysis 103 5.2.1 Source 103 5.2.2 Pathways 103 5.2.3 Receptors 104 5.3 Environmental Impacts due to the closed dumpsite 104 5.4 Extent of Environmental Impacts 105 5.4.1 Impact on Ground Water 105 5.4.2 Impacts on Surface water 106 5.4.3 Impacts on Soil 106 5.4.4 Impacts on Air 106 5.4.5 Impact on Flora and Fauna 107 5.5 Risk Assessment 107 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 5.5.1 Human risks 107 5.5.2 Other Human risk & hazards 111 5.5.3 Conclusions on human risks 112 5.5.4 Ecological risks 113 5.5.5 Environmental Risk Assessment using Groundwater Modelling 113 6 Social Assessment 115 6.1 Kolkata City 115 6.2 Dhapa Area 116 6.3 General Social Profile of Dhapa Area (Wards 57 & 58 of KMC) 117 6.4 Primary Socio-Economic Survey 118 6.4.1 Objective of Primary Survey 118 6.4.2 Methodology of primary survey 119 6.4.3 Sampling 119 6.4.4 The Survey 120 6.4.5 Limitations of the Study 122 6.5 Findings of the Primary Survey and PRA 122 6.5.1 History of Dhapa 122 6.5.2 Population 123 6.5.3 Family size 124 6.5.4 Family Type 124 6.5.5 Possession of govt. documents 125 6.5.6 Literacy 126 6.5.7 Ownership of Structures 126 6.5.8 Electricity 127 6.5.9 Income 127 6.5.10 Trees 128 6.6 Social Impact Assessment of Makaltala 128 6.6.1 Anticipated Social Impacts due to the Project that may require mitigation measures 128 6.6.2 Socio-economic Details for Makaltala: Potentially Impacted Village 129 6.6.3 Detailed Profile of Makaltala Village 130 6.6.4 Identified Impacts 138 6.6.5 Analysis of Level of Negative Impacts 141 6.7 Rehabilitation and Resettlement 146 6.8 Social Concerns not attributable to the Closed Dumpsite 147 6.9 Community Development Needs 147 9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 6.10 Public Consultation 148 6.10.1 Introduction 148 6.1.1 Summary of public consultation 149 6.10.2 Stakeholders Consultation 150 7 Overview of the proposed Closure and Containment Options, their impacts and Mitigation measures 154 7.1.1 Introduction and Background 154 7.1.2 Approach of Selection of various options 156 7.1.3 Overview of Closure Options Selected 156 7.1.4 Construction Design Features Comparison of various options: 156 7.2 Option 1: Do Nothing 157 7.2.1 Description of Option 157 7.2.2 Environmental Impact of Option 1 157 7.3 Option 2: Simplified closure concept 158 7.3.1 Description of Option 158 7.3.2 Environmental Impact of Option 2 158 7.4 Option 3.1: Reduced infiltration and passive gas control 159 7.4.1 Description of Option 159 7.4.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.1 159 7.5 Option 3.2: Reduced infiltration and gas treatment 160 7.5.1 Description of Option 160 7.5.2 Environmental Impact of Option 3.2 160 7.6 Option 4: Reduced Infiltration with leachate collection and treatment (and gas handling) 160 7.6.1 Description of Option 160 7.6.2 Environmental Impact of Option 4 161 7.7 Option 5: Impermeable cover, leachate collection and passive gas control 161 7.7.1 Description of Option 161 7.7.2 Environmental Impact of Option 5 162 7.8 Summary of the different options and selection of most suitable option 162 8 Policy, Legislative and Administrative Framework 170 8.1 Introduction 170 10 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 8.2 World Bank Group’s Environmental and Social Policies / Framework / Standards 170 8.2.1 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies 171 8.2.2 Applicability of the World Bank Policies to the Dhapa Project: 174 8.2.3 Environmental Assessment Instruments Recognised by the World Bank 174 8.3 National Regulations 175 8.4 Overview of Applicable National Legislation 175 8.5 Comparison of Containment and Closure Options with applicable Environmental Legislations 181 9 Conclusions and Recommendations 191 References 193 Annexures 196 11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT List of Annexures Annexure 1: Long Term Climatological Tables (1961-1990) Kolkata, Alipore Station 198 Annexure 2: Sampling Locations Map for Environmental Baseline 199 Annexure 3: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results near Closed Dumpsite 200 Annexure 4: Leachate (Groundwater) Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 201 Annexure 5: Groundwater Quality Monitoring Results of Existing Tube wells in the Study Area 202 Annexure 6: Surface Water Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 203 Annexure 7: Soil Quality Monitoring Results near the Dumpsite 204 Annexure 8: Landuse Map of the Study Area (i.e. 2 kms around the Closed Dumpsite): 205 Annexure 9: Social Survey Questionnaire in Local Language (Bangla, followed by English) 206 Annexure 10: Regulatory Framework (Applicable National / Regional Legislation) 215 12 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ASL Above Sea Level BGL Below Ground Level CBIPMP Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EKW East Kolkata Wetland KMC Kolkata Municipal Corporation LFG Landfill Gas LIBV Local Indicative Background Values msPAF multi substances Potential Affected Fraction SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SWID West Bengal State Water Investigation Directorate ToR Terms of Reference THV Thresh Hold Value WB World Bank WBPCB West Bengal Pollution Control Board PAH Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons THV Thresh Hold Value MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest ESMP Environment and Social Management Plan ESA Environmental Site Assessment CDP Community Development Plan CSR Corporate Social Responsibility EP Environment Protection CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CGWA Central Ground Water Authority CGWB Central Ground Water Board EKWA East Kolkatta Wetland Authority EPA Environment Protection Agency INR Indian Rupees MSW Municipal Solid Waste IMD Indian Meteorological Department IS Indian Standards 13 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT BH Bore Hole DTH Direct To Hole PCB Pollution Control Board BDL Below Detectable Limit BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand VOC Volatile Organic Compound WHO World Health Organization EKWMA East Kolkatta Wetland Management Authority NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency BPL Below Poverty Level 14 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASSESSMENT REPORT 1 Summary 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Background The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt.