Notes List of abbreviations used in the Notes ADP The Americal Division Papers, US Army Military History Institute BP The George Bartholomae Papers, US Army Military History Institute CC The Margaret Craighill Collection, US Army Military History Institute CP The Lloyd A. Corkan Papers, US Army Military History Institute CWP The Charles W. Whalen, Jr. Papers, US Army Military History Institute JAG Judge Advocate General MWP The Martha A. Wayman Papers, US Army Military History Institute Q Questionnaire SC The World War II Survey Collection, US Army Military History Institute SP The Richard Selee Papers, US Army Military History Institute USMHI US Army Military History Institute, Carlisle, Pennsylvania UT The World War II Collection, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Preface 1. Pyle, Chapter, 3. 2. Spector, Eagle against the Sun, 383. 3. Thorne, Allies, 728. 4. Ibid., 729. Chapter 1: Pioneers 1. For these twin experiences of frontier and immigration and their impact on US foreign relations in general, see Hodgson, “Immigrants and Frontiersmen,” 525. 2. Zika, “Dogs,” 168, SC and Hynes, Passage, 163. 3. Slotkin, Environment, 15–16 and Linn, Guardians, 65. 4. Slotkin, Gunfighter, 278–9. 5. Guide to Australia, 1, 3, 7, and 13. 6. Sabel, 14 Jan. 1943, UT. 7. Kernan, Line, 9. 8. Brion, Lady, 13 and 62. 9. Clark is quoted in Allen, Garden, 316. Kernan, Line, 7. 10. Mathias, Jive, 56. 11. Brion, Lady, 64 and Morison, Naval Operations, vol. VII, 91. 12. For the role of whaling in America’s penetration of the Pacific, see Heffer, Pacifique, 69–70. 263 264 Notes 13. A more detailed account of the origins of this ritual can be found in Rediker, Devil, 186–9. 14. The example of the XXIV Corps is from Cannon, Leyte, 40–1. 15. Demott, 29 July 1944, UT. 16. Kernan, Line, 41 and McBride, Good Night, 131. 17. Fessler, No Time, 49–50. 18. Shellback card in the file of Stephens, SC. 19. Fahey, Diary, 241. 20. Hynes, Passage, 111; Lucas, Letters, 12; and Mathias, Jive, 62. 21. Tramposch diary, 8 Nov. 1944, UT. 22. McBride, Good Night, 218 and Lucas, Letters, 181. 23. Hall, Love, 41 and Fahey, Diary, 257. 24. Sledge, Breed, 24. 25. Guide to Burma, 16; Guide to India, 27–8; and Guide to New Guinea, 7 and 9. 26. Smith, Triumph, 450, 547, 627, and 639. 27. Toliver, Artist, 118. 28. Zimmer letter, 4 Aug. 1944, SC. 29. Guide to China, 13, 30, and 44. 30. C.B.I. Pointie Talkie, 18 and Maule, Letters, 308–9. 31. Frillmann and Peck, China, 154–5 and Powell, Surgeon, 71. 32. Roeder, Censored, 83. 33. For Guadalcanal, see Miller, Guadalcanal, 45; for Bougainville, Morison, Naval Operations, vol. VI, 280 and 290. 34. Marine Corps Operations, vol. III, 28. 35. Crowl, Marianas, 406; Cannon, Leyte, 235; and Dod, Engineers, 588. 36. Dod, Engineers, 457 and C.B.I. Pointie Talkie, 34. 37. Caldwell, Secret, 139 and 163. 38. Miller, Guadalcanal, 43. 39. For New Guinea, see Smith, Approach, 244 and 290–1 and Dod, Engineers, 188–9; for Tarawa, Winters, Elements, 221–4; for New Georgia, Miller, CARTWHEEL, 170; and for Leyte, Cannon, Leyte, 250. 40. Slotkin, Environment, 16. For a definition of “mental map” and its significance in US foreign relations in a broader sense, see Henrikson, “Mental Maps.” 41. Wolfert, Solomons, 135 and Tregaskis, Guadalcanal, 43–4. 42. Kahn, Tedium, 60. 43. Wolfert, Solomons, 63 and Burns, 6 Jan. 1943, ADP. 44. Owens, Hell, 67; Young diary, 27 March 1945, SC; and Pyle, Chapter, 110. 45. For the Far East as ethnocentric geographical label, see Huntington, Civilizations, 47. For the Far East as American Far West, see LaFeber, Clash, 3–5 and Drinnon, Facing West, xiii and 279. Lieutenant General Miles is quoted in Flint, “Pacific Frontier,” 139. 46. Morriss, Diary, 25 and 28; Drea, “Patience,” 24–5; and Calvert, Submarine, 136–7. 47. Guide to Hawaii, 4 and 27 and Lane, untitled memoir, 38–9, UT. 48. Kahn, Tedium, 239. 49. Guide to Shanghai, 21 and What You Should Know about China, 15. 50. Smith, With Chennault, 33–5 and 41. 51. Caldwell, Secret, 163–4 and 168. 52. Toliver, Artist, 209. 53. Pearce, Savagism, 24–5 and 90 and FitzGerald, Schoolbooks, 90. See also ch. 7, “Yellow, Red, and Black Men,” in Dower, War without Mercy. Notes 265 54. On the Samar pacification, see Linn, Guardians, 31. Peak diary, 15 July 1945, SC; Caldwell, Secret, 151–2; and Hunter, Galahad, 41. 55. Wyatt, “Super Breed,” vol. I, 14–15, UT and Berry, Semper Fi, 84. 56. Lucas, Letters, 109–10. 57. Emory, South Sea Lore, 71 and Getting about in New Guinea, 14–20. 58. Dod, Engineers, 198. 59. Miller, Guadalcanal, 93. On the coastwatchers, see Lindstrom and White, Encounters, 47–51. 60. Riches, 4 Feb. 1944, SC and Toliver, Artist, 128. 61. You and the Native, 6; Observer Report, no. 46; and Dod, Engineers, 268–9. 62. On Lewis and Clark, see Stephen E. Ambrose, Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West (New York: Touchstone, 1997), 423. On the Naga tribe, see Thompson and Harris, Outcome, 176–7; on the Lolos, C.B.I. Pointie Talkie, 169; and on the Kachin Rangers, Romanus and Sunderland, Command, 36–7 and Hunter, Galahad, 61. 63. Slotkin, Environment, 531. 64. Smith, Virgin Land, 19–22 and Thomson et al., Imperialists, 6–9. Gibson, Yankees, 412. For an in-depth study of the Pacific Basin as a continuum of America’s Western frontier, see also Gibson, Yankees. 65. Iriye, Images, 30, 46, and 50 66. The poem is quoted in Thomson et al., Imperialists, 6. The letter is from Crout, 17 March 1945, UT. 67. On traps, see Getting about in New Guinea, 15–17. On Yunnan, see Scott, God, 261 and Frillmann and Peck, China, 154. On India, see Tramposch diary, 29 Dec. 1944 to 23 Jan. 1945, UT. 68. Guide to Calcutta, 9; Islands of the Pacific, 36–7; and Guide to New Caledonia, 6, 30, and 32. 69. Guide to East Indies, 2; Islands of the Pacific, 37; and Fahey, Diary, 340. 70. Guide to India, 28; Sterns letters, 3 Feb., 14 June, and 3 Aug. 1945, UT; Riegelman, Biak, 245; and Theobald diary, 22 and 31 July 1944, SC. 71. Mathias, Jive, 73–4; Guide to Australia, 7 and 9; Guide to New Guinea, 2, 18, and 21; Sharpe, Brothers, 239; and Hostetter, “Combat Doctor,” 72, SC. 72. On China, see Guide to Western Pacific, 115. For New Guinea, Kaniarz, “Franz’l Kaney,” 65, SC. For India, Elizabeth Gussak letter, 27 July 1945, SC. 73. On China, see Magic Carpet, 64 and Guide to Shanghai, 11–12. For Okinawa, Guide to Okinawa, 18; Giles, “Recollections,” 178, UT; and Moore letter, 16 April 1945, SC. 74. The announcement is “The Orient, a New Frontier,” in To Do Today in Honolulu and Oahu: A Community ‘Service to the Service’ Magazine, 12 May 1945, 13. Chapter 2: Romantics 1. Slotkin, Environment, 11. 2. Gray, “I Remember,” 443; Mathias, Jive, 56; and Kernan, Line, 9. 3. The soldier quotes are from Mathias, Jive, 96 and Hostetter, “Combat Doctor,” 24, SC. The guides are Guide to Hawaii, 1 and What You Should Know about China, 1. 4. What the Soldier Thinks, April 1945, 7. 5. Fahey, Diary, 7; Gabard, 8 Aug. 1944, UT; and Snipes, 1 Aug. 1945, UT. 6. Mathias, Jive, 61; Frater diary, 19 Feb. 1944, SC; Morriss, Diary, 11; and Corkan letter, 2 July 1944, CP. 266 Notes 7. Wolfert, Solomons, 19 and Hynes, Passage, 159. 8. Seelig, Marine, 45. The booklets used by the 101st Quartermaster Regiment are in the Noonan file, ADP. 9. The War Department survey is in What the Soldier Thinks, Aug. 1943, 75. The quote is from Tramposch, 13 Nov. 1944, UT. 10. For a good survey of the European and American novels inspired by the Pacific, see Whitehead, “Writers as Pioneers,” 379–407. The Pacific was more commonly known as the South Sea until the end of the eighteenth century. The term then became obsolescent, except when used for romantic purposes. See Edmond, South Pacific, 16. 11. Hutten, 9 Oct. 1944, SC and Morriss, Diary, 116. For the 1st Marine Division intelligence, see Weigley, American Way, 275. 12. Brion, Lady, 60. 13. For references to Rain, see Hostetter, “Combat Doctor,” 27, SC and Trammell, untitled memoir, 67, UT. For allusions to Tarzan see, for example, Noonan diary, 12 Feb. 1943, ADP and Toliver, Artist, 198. 14. For Tabu as intelligence source, see Mason, Pacific, 43. For a sample of references to other movies and movie songs, see Mathias, Jive, 76 and 83; Brion, Lady, 78; and Baggerman letter, 23 May 1945, UT. 15. Warnings about Dorothy Lamour illusions can be found in, for instance, Guide to New Guinea, 2 and Islands of the Pacific, 1. 16. Boyington, Black Sheep, 37; Corkan, 4 March 1945, CP; and Gussak, 29 June 1944, SC. 17. Hutten, 4 Oct. 1944, SC. 18. Hunter, Galahad, 62; Lucas, Letters, 122; and Toliver, Artist, 228. The title of the famous 1963 war novel The Thin Red Line, written by Pacific veteran James Jones, was also an allusion to the poetry of Rudyard Kipling. See Nicholas J. Cull, review of The Thin Red Line (Twentieth Century Fox movie), American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 1050. 19. Jespersen, Images, 25–6 and Gibson, Yankees, 414. 20. Islands of the Pacific, 1. 21. Kahn, Tedium, 4; Mathias, Jive, 96; and Magic Carpet, 62. 22. Hynes, Passage, 111; Hall, Love, 40–1; and Kahn, Tedium, 21.