Outline • Functional morphology and biomechanics Funktionelle Morphologie und Biomechanik • An example: biological surfaces and interfaces • Biological attachment devices • Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important? Stanislav N. Gorb • Biomimetics Vorlesung ‚Einführung in die Biologie‘ Beauty of Structure Morphology Development Taxonomy Descriptive: Population biology Systematics (provides basic Biomechanics information on Evolution biological structure) Morphometry: Comparative: (quantitative (comparison of approach to study organisms) growth and development) Morphology Ecomophology: Pathomorphology: studies on biological structure (studies environmental (studies effects on the structure morphological and morphological abnormalities and adaptations to deviations) Functional: environment) (understanding of the Medicine relationship between Ecology structure and function) Veterinary Functional Morphology Biomechanics Functional morphology focuses on the link between animal form and performance Biological materials: Gaining insight in the precise way in which biological machinery performs under relevant conditions is of primary importance (rigid vs. pliant, Pipes and pumps: Structures and systems: biocomposites, (circulatory systems, (beams, columns, ties, Physics Physiology viscoelasticity) Biomechanics lung, gills, etc., hydrostatic systems) Neurobiology suspension feeding) Sensorics Control Chemistry Human/biomedical Living in moving fluids: areas: (prostheses, (plants and animals in Functional Morphology orthopedics, Biomechanics winds and fluids) cardiovascular systems, Behaviour Integrative Biology motion analysis) Molecular Ecomechanics: biology Microsystems: (cost/benefit of activities, Evolution (motility mechanisms, Locomotion: interspecific activities, Materials filtration mechanisms, (swimming, flying, behavioral mechanics) science Biomimetics diffusion) Bionics walking, running) Biologically-Inspired Technologies 1 Outline Surfaces and Interfaces sensorics attachment • Functional morphology and biomechanics drag reduction • An example: biological surfaces and interfaces optics (anti-reflection) grinding • Biological attachment devices anti-friction • Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important? sound generation respiration • Biomimetics thermoregulation coloration pattern self-cleaning etc., etc.... Romalea microptera Technological Surfaces Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces FEATURES BIO TECHNO drag reduction optics multifunctionality very high low coloration production method top-to-down down-to-top friction lifetime short long self-cleaning environmental conditions narrow broad haptics (soft-touch) thermoregulation adaptability strong weak degradability, recyclability very high low Biological Surfaces vs Technological Surfaces Surface Phenomena in Materials Science adhesion anti-adhesion TECHNO BIO friction anti-friction anti-wear, anti-abrasion controllable wear lubrication anti-aquaplaning filtering Structure Properties Function sensorics wettability non-wettability self-cleaning anti-fouling Function Structure Properties thermoregulation optical reflection anti-reflection 2 Goals Diversity of Surfaces to understand to understand functional evolutionary principles to develop tendencies broad comparative studies on methods studies ultrastructure, material microscopy EVOLUTIONARY PROJECTS properties, techniques, force range, measurements of to find interesting motion in stiffness, hardness, biological adhesion, friction at properties of systems systems local and global scales transfer of the natural design solutions in the material science FUNCTIONAL PROJECTS BIOMIMETCS PROJECTS Surface-Related Biomechanics Applications of Surface Related Phenomena Biological materials: (rigid vs. pliant, biomechanics (animal Pipes and pumps: Structures and systems: biocomposites, locomotion, attachment (circulatory systems, (beams, columns, ties, viscoelasticity) systems) lung, gills, etc., hydrostatic systems) suspension feeding) biomimetics (surface Continental AG structured composite materials) Human/biomedical Living in moving fluids: areas: (prostheses, (plants and animals in medicine (joint mechanics, orthopedics, Biomechanics winds and fluids) cardiovascular systems, properties of prosteses) motion analysis) Ehand ecology (animal-plant Ecomechanics: interactions) Microsystems: (cost/benefit of activities, (motility mechanisms, Locomotion: interspecific activities, agriculture (pest control by filtration mechanisms, (swimming, flying, behavioral mechanics) preventing attachment of diffusion) walking, running) particular insects to the plant surface) Surface Adaptations Frictional Systems vs Anti-Frictional Systems for Friction and Drag Reduction Drag Contacting surfaces Force enhancing Force reducing Minimising friction Maximising friction: in joints for economic Friction is needed to systems systems energy expenditure generate the force to move on a substrate or to overcome the drag Surfaces are One surface is Surfaces are One surface is caused by friction predefined unpredictable predefined unpredictable elsewhere • head arrester • soles of animals • joints •snakeskin Living creatures have developed systems for decreasing friction (anti-frictional • locking devices • attachment devices • skin in fluid media systems), and vice versa, for increasing it (frictional systems). Interestingly, in both cases the purpose of such a system is to save muscular energy 3 Joints and Articular Cartilage Outline • Cartilage is the gliding surface of the joint • Friction coefficient is very low (0.0026) femur lig. collaterale • Functional morphology and biomechanics lig. cruciatum • An example: biological surfaces and interfaces meniscus medialis meniscus lateralis • Biological attachment devices A, macrophage-like A cells Ad, white adipose cells • Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important? B, B cells BL, basal lamina Cap, capillaries • Biomimetics CF, collagen fibers EF, elastic fibers F, fibroblasts Synovial membrane (SM) of FL, fibrous layer human cartilage composed of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, NE, nerve endings and synovial cells responsible P, processes of synovial cells for secretion of proteoglycans Ph, phagolysosomes and hyaluronic acid SG, secretory granules Picture: Kristic 1991 (Springer Verlag) Attachment Devices Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies are known in • head-arresting systems • wing-to-body binding mechanisms • joints of leg segments • unguitractor plate • ovipositor Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Head The head is large compared MF with the area of articulation to the thorax and function as specialised gravity organ SPC The head is extremely mobile The disadvantage of this construction - weak mechanical stability - is compensated by so called In the medial position, sclerites loose arresting system their contact to the head: the head is The system consists of a pair free mobile mobile neck sclerites In the lateral position, sclerites contact to the microtrichia fields of the head: the Thorax head is arrested 4 Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies 50 µm Lestes sponsa 50 µm Gorb, 1999 Lestes sponsa Neck Gorb, 1999 Head Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Neck Neck Head Head Aeshna mixta Coenagrion puella Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Head-Arresting System in Dragonflies Neck Neck Head Head Zygonyx ida Epipleoneura fernandezi 5 Wing-Interlocking Structures in Beetles Unguitractor Plate The plate is connected through a long tendon with the claw flexor muscle. On the other side, it is connected to claws through two short tendons When the flexor muscle is contracted and the claw has TA contact to the substrate, the unguitractor plate presses itself against the supporting surface of the terminal tarsomere •CL claw •AX axis of rotation •TN tendon •TA tarsomere •UT unguitractor TDM •PT support Tribolium castaneum Unguitractor Plate Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada In cicada of the family Cercopidae, the medial surfaces of coxae of the third leg pair are covered by microtrichia To expose contact between unguitractor plate and corresponding supporting structure of the tarsomere, a part of the tarsomere wall was removed Melolontha melolontha Cercopis vulnerata Friction Enhancement: Coxa-Arresting Mechanism in Cicada Two Corresponding Surfaces These surfaces fixate coxae together during jump performance. Such a mechanism provides synchronisation of fast movements of both legs Cercopis vulnerata 6 Armoured Membranes in Diptera Armoured Membranes in Diptera Fixation of intersegmental membranes in a These highly-complex friction systems folded condition may be a mechanism can define the direction of folds and holding head of Calliphora in perturbed fixate intersegmental membranes in a condition (up to 60°) folded condition Tabanus bovinus Myathropa florea Outline Releasable Adhesives • Functional morphology and biomechanics • An example: biological surfaces and interfaces • Biological attachment devices • Phenomenon of ceiling walk: Why morphology is so important? • Biomimetics Ceiling Situation (Static) Ceiling Situation friction adhesion weight contact formationstrong adhesion contact breakage -fast -fast - reliable - minimal force - minimal load on the ceiling 7 Insect Terrain structures for interlocking and friction enhancement on rough substrata -claws - stiff pointed hairs structures for adhesion and friction enhancement on smooth