TUNISIA Breaking the Barriers to Youth Inclusion # 13235B # 39A9DC # 622181 # E41270 # DFDB00 TUNISIA Breaking the Barriers to Youth Inclusion # 13235B # 39A9DC # 622181 # E41270 # DFDB00 Copyright © 2014 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved Report No. 89233-TN Tunisia ESW: Breaking the Barriers to Youth Inclusion P120911–ESW Disclaimer The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Di- rectors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank, Tunisia, and governments represented do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or accep- tance of such boundaries. The present report is based mostly on the quantitative analysis of the Tunisia Household Surveys on Youth in Rural Areas (THSYUA 2012) and its companion, the Tunisia Household Surveys on Youth in Rural Areas (THSYRA 2012). The Tunisia National Youth Observatory (ONJ) is not responsible for the data and figures presented in this report. Electronic copies in Arabic and English can be downloaded free of charge upon request to the World Bank. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Pub- lisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, email: pubrights@world- bank.org. Vice President: Inger Andersen Country Director: Neil Simon M. Gray Sector Director: Junaid Kamal Ahmed Sector Manager: Franck Bousquet Task Team Leader: Gloria La Cava Photo credits: World Bank. Cover photo credit: Malika Drissi, World Bank. Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations . ix Foreword . x Acknowledgements . xi Executive Summary . xiii Overview ...................................................................... xiii Key Findings .....................................................................xiv Youth Participation, Voice, and Active Citizenship ....................................... xiv Youth Unemployment, Inactivity, and NEET .............................................xv Economic Opportunities ............................................................xv Skills for Employment and Entrepreneurship Programs ....................................xvii Key Recommendations ............................................................xvii Developing a Multidimensional Youth Inclusion Policy ....................................xvii Chapter 1 . Introduction . 1 1.1 Background and Objective ......................................................2 1.2 What is Youth Inclusion? .......................................................4 1.3 Data and Methodology .........................................................7 1.4 Report Structure ..............................................................7 Chapter 2 . Youth Participation, Voice, and Active Citizenship . 9 2.1 Trust in Institutions ..........................................................11 2.2 Access to Information .........................................................12 2.3 Youth Participation in Civil Society ..............................................14 2.4 Political Participation .........................................................16 2.5 Promoting Inclusive Youth Participation in Public Life ................................20 Provide Incentives for Youth-Led NGOs and Volunteering . 20 Scale up of Youth-Led Community Development Initiatives . .20 Build Youth-Led Institutions to Strengthen Voice in Decision Making and Human Rights . 20 iii iv | Contents Chapter 3 . Youth Inactivity and Unemployment . .23 3.1 Youth Inactivity; Young People Who Are Not in Education, Employment, or Training; and Unemployment—An Overview .......................................24 3.2 Discouraged Youth without Work ...............................................26 3.3 Education and Inactivity .......................................................28 Leaving School Early ...............................................................29 Educational Quality ................................................................30 Counseling for Better School-to-Work Transition .........................................32 3.4 Pathways and Obstacles to Employment ..........................................32 Barriers to Finding Work ............................................................33 Chapter 4 . Economic Opportunities . 37 4.1 Employment Opportunities ....................................................38 Regional Exclusion ................................................................38 Gender Exclusion .................................................................39 Job Informality ...................................................................42 Education and Low-Skill Jobs ........................................................43 Youth Underemployment ............................................................48 Youth Employment by Sector ........................................................48 4.2 Self-Employment ............................................................49 Innovation and Entrepreneurship . .49 Tunisia’s Self-Employed Youth ........................................................50 Skill Levels of Self-Employed Youth ....................................................53 Youth Entrepreneurship: Challenges and Investment Opportunities ...........................55 Chapter 5 . Skills for Employment and Other Youth Services . 57 5.1 Programs of the Ministry of Professional Training and Employment .....................58 Perceptions of Active Labor Market Programs . .62 Participation in Active Labor Market Programs . 63 Benefits from Active Labor Market Programs . 64 5.2 Entrepreneurship Programs ....................................................65 Perceptions of Entrepreneurship Programs . 66 Contents | v Participation in Entrepreneurship Programs . .67 5.3 Other Youth Services .........................................................68 Programs of the Ministry of Youth and Sports ............................................68 Youth Services Provided by Religious Welfare Organizations . 69 5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations ..............................................69 Key Challenges ...................................................................69 Strategic Areas for Further Action .....................................................70 Chapter 6 . The Way Forward: Inclusive Youth Policy and Institutions . 77 6.1 Taking Stock of Young People’s Gains Since the Revolution ............................78 6.2 Guiding Principles for Strengthening Youth Inclusion and Participation ...................79 6.3 Developing a Multidimensional Youth Inclusion Policy ...............................79 Bibliography . 83. Annexes . 87 1. Data Sources ...................................................................89 2. Youth Participation, Voice, and Active Citizenship ......................................93 3. Youth Inactivity and Unemployment ................................................95 4. Economic Opportunities ..........................................................99 5. Skills for Employment and Other Youth Services.......................................109 Boxes 2.1 Defining Active Citizenship .....................................................10 2.2 Young Artists and Freedom of Speech .............................................12 2.3 The IDMEJ Project: Investing in Youth Inclusion in Lagging Regions .....................16 2.4 Houkoumetna: The “Our Government” Movement ..................................19 3.1 Young People Who Are Not in Education, Employment, or Training— A Joint Indicator for Youth Unemployment and Inactivity .............................25 4.1 Family Formation ............................................................41 vi | Contents 4.2 Education in Tunisia ..........................................................45 5.1 Online Platforms Najja7ni and Tounes Ta3mal ......................................72 5.2 Jovenes “Training Plus” Programs for Disadvantaged Youth in Latin America ..............73 5.3 Youth Entrepreneurship Program in Peru ..........................................75 6.1 Eleven Principles of a National Youth Policy ........................................80 Figures 0.1 Multidimensional Policy for Youth Inclusion.......................................xviii 1.1 Map of Tunisia ...............................................................3 1.2 Dimensions of Exclusion ........................................................4 1.3 Population of Tunisia by Age Group ...............................................5 1.4 NEET Rates among Working Age Population by Youth and Gender .......................6 2.1 Trust in Public and Religious Institutions...........................................11 2.2 Use of Internet to Access Information .............................................13 2.3