PowerPoint® Lecture Slides The Skeleton prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham • Consists of: • Bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments Composed of 206 named bones grouped into C H A P T E R • 7 two divisions Part 1 • Axial skeleton (80 bones) Bones, Part 1: • Appendicular skeleton (126 bones) The Axial Skeleton Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Axial Skeleton(in green) The Axial Skeleton Cranium Skull Cranium Facial bones Bones of Clavicle pectoral Clavicle girdle • Formed from 80 Thoracic cage Scapula (ribs and Scapula Sternum sternum) Upper named bones Rib limb Humerus Rib Humerus Vertebra • Consists of skull, Vertebral Vertebra Radius column Radius Ulna Ulna vertebral column, Sacrum Carpals Bones of and bony thorax pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Phalanges Metacarpals Metacarpals Femur Femur Patella Lower Tibia limb Tibia Fibula Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals (a) Anterior view Phalanges (b) Posterior view Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.1b The Skull The Cranium • Formed by cranial and facial bones • Is the body’s most complex bony structure Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella • Formed by cranial and facial bones Squamous part Frontonasal suture of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen Nasal bone (notch) • The cranium Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin (greater wing) Superior orbital fissure • Encloses and protects brain Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone • Provides attachment for head and neck Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha muscles Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 The Face The Cranium Bones of cranium (cranial vault) • Facial bones serve to Coronal • Form framework of the face suture • Form cavities for the sense organs of sight, Squamous taste, and smell suture • Provide openings for the passage of air and food • Hold the teeth in place Lambdoid Facial • Anchor muscles of the face suture bones (a) Cranial and facial divisions of the skull Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2a Overview of Skull Geography Overview of Skull Geography • Facial bones form anterior aspect • The skull contains smaller cavities • Cranium is divided into cranial vault and the • Middle and inner ear cavities—in lateral base aspect of cranial base • Internally, prominent bony ridges divide skull • Nasal cavity—lies in and posterior to the into distinct fossae nose Temporal lobe Frontal lobe Anterior cranial of cerebrum of cerebrum Orbits—house the eyeballs fossa • Cerebellum • Air-filled sinuses—occur in several bones Middle cranial fossa around the nasal cavity Posterior cranial Posterior fossa Cranial Middle fossae Anterior (b) Superior view of the cranial fossae (c) Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.2b, c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Overview of Skull Geography Cranial Bones • The skull contains approximately 85 named • Formed from eight large bones openings • Paired bones include • Foramina, canals, and fissures • Temporal bones • Provide openings for important structures • Parietal bones • Spinal cord • Unpaired bones include • Blood vessels serving the brain • Frontal bone • 12 pairs of cranial nerves • Occipital bone • Sphenoid bone • Ethmoid bone Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Parietal Bones and Sutures Parietal Bones and Sutures • Parietal bones form superior and lateral parts • Four sutures of the cranium (continued) of skull • Sagittal suture—occurs where right and left • Four sutures of the cranium parietal bones meet superiorly • Coronal suture—runs in the coronal plane • Lambdoid suture—occurs where the parietal • Located where parietal bones meet the bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly frontal bone • Squamous suture—occurs where each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Sutural Bones The Skull— Posterior View Sagittal suture • Small bones that occur within sutures • Irregular in shape, size, and location Parietal bone • Not all people have sutural bones Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Superior nuchal line External occipital protuberance Inferior nuchal line External occipital crest Occipital Occipitomastoid condyle suture Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.5 Inferior Aspect of the Skull Lateral Aspect of the Skull Maxilla Incisive fossa (palatine process) Intermaxillary suture Hard Median palatine suture Frontal bone palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Coronal suture Sphenoid bone Maxilla (greater wing) Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone Parietal bone Ethmoid bone (greater wing) Lacrimal bone Vomer Pterygoid process Squamous suture Nasal bone Temporal bone Foramen ovale Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Foramen spinosum Lacrimal fossa Zygomatic process Zygomatic Foramen lacerum bone Mandibular fossa Carotid canal Lambdoid suture Coronoid External acoustic meatus process Styloid process Occipital bone Stylomastoid Maxilla foramen Mastoid process External occipital Alveolar Temporal bone Jugular foramen protuberance margins (petrous part) Occipitomastoid Occipital condyle suture Mandible Basilar part of Mental foramen the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line External acoustic meatus Mandibular Occipital bone Superior nuchal line notch Mastoid process External occipital crest Mandibular Styloid Mandibular ramus Foramen magnum process External occipital condyle Mandibular angle protuberance (b) Photograph of right side of skull (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.4b 3 The Temporal Bone The Sphenoid Bone Optic Lesser wing canal External acoustic Squamous meatus region Mastoid region Greater Foramen rotundum wing Foramen ovale Sella Foramen spinosum turcica Body of sphenoid Zygomatic process Mandibular Mastoid process fossa Styloid process Tympanic region (a) Superior view, as in Figure 7.9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10a The Sphenoid Bone The Ethmoid Bone Body of sphenoid Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Crista galli Greater Cribriform wing Olfactory plate Pterygoid foramina process Orbital plate Left lateral mass Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular Middle (b) Posterior view plate nasal concha Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.10b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.12 Facial Bones Facial Bones Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella • Unpaired bones Squamous part Frontonasal suture of frontal bone Supraorbital foramen • Mandible and vomer Nasal bone (notch) Sphenoid bone Supraorbital margin (greater wing) • Paired bones Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone • Maxillae Inferior orbital fissure Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone • Zygomatic bones Middle nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone • Nasal bones Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bones Vomer • Mandible • Palatine bones Mental • Inferior nasal conchae foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.6a 4 Mandible Maxillary Bones Mandibular fossa Temporomandibular of temporal bone joint Coronoid Mandibular notch process Mandibular Articulates with condyle frontal bone Mandibular foramen Frontal process Orbital surface Zygomatic Infraorbital Alveolar process foramen Ramus margin (cut) Anterior nasal of Mental spine mandible foramen Alveolar margin Mandibular angle Body of mandible (b) Maxilla, right lateral view (a) Mandible, right lateral view Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.13b Maxillary Bones Other Bones of the Face Maxilla Incisive fossa (palatine process) Intermaxillary suture Hard Median palatine suture palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Infraorbital foramen Maxilla • Zygomatic bones Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) • Form lateral wall of orbits Vomer Pterygoid process Temporal bone Foramen ovale • Nasal bones (zygomatic process) Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum • Form bridge of nose Mandibular fossa Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Styloid process Lacrimal bones Stylomastoid • Mastoid process foramen Temporal bone Jugular foramen • Located in the medial orbital walls (petrous part) Occipital condyle Basilar part of • Palatine bones the occipital bone Inferior nuchal line Occipital bone Superior nuchal line • Complete the posterior part of the hard palate External occipital crest External occipital Foramen magnum protuberance (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 7.7a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Bones of the Face Special Parts of the Skull • Vomer • Orbits • Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum • Nasal cavity • Inferior nasal conchae • Paranasal sinuses • Thin, curved bones that project medially form • Hyoid bone the lateral walls of the nasal cavity Copyright