Bridge Across the River Nile Daraja Juu ya Mto Nile Pont sur le Nil Mark Mwandosya E & D Vision Publishing Dar es Salaam E & D Vision Publishing Limited P. O. Box. 4460 Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Email: [email protected] Website: www.edvisionpublishing.co.tz Bridge Across the River Nile © Mark Mwandosya, 2017 ISBN: 978 9987 735 54 9 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission of E&D Vision Publishing Limited. Dedication To: Isaac James Mwandosya (RIP), Segelile Ifunga Magombe (RIP); and Lucy Akiiki Marunga, Max, Sekela, Emmanuel, Tusekile and Lusekelo; and Christina Masika, Godfrey, Joyceline and Digna. iii Table of Contents Dedication . iii List of Figures. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. v List of Images. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. v List of Maps .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. vii List of Tables . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. viii Abbreviations ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ix Preface . .. xiv Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xxxi 1. About the River Nile . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 2. Engineering in the Nile River Basin . 33 3. The River Nile and the Nile Basin in the 19th Century ... .. .. .. 77 4. Understanding the River Nile through Treaties in the 20th Century . 84 5. Sudan, Egypt and Ethiopia and the Nile Water Treaties . 90 6. Nyerere Doctrine on State Succession . .. 107 7. Rules and Regulations for the Utilisation of International Watercourse Systems . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 8 Towards a Permanent Mechanism for Cooperation in the Nile Basin... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 132 9. Conflict and Cooperation on theWaters of the Nile.. .. .. .. .162 10. Regional and Zonal Institutions in the Nile Basin. .. .. .. .. .. 185 11. International Transboundary Water Basins... .. .. .. .. .. .. 200 12. Egypt and the River Nile Basin . .. 223 13. South Sudan: A New State in the River Nile Basin... .. .. .. .. 254 14. Other Resources . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 264 15. Conclusions.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .283 References . .. 299 Appendices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .312 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Water Balance Scheme of the Nile River Basin... ... ... ... ... 15 Figure 2: The Scheme of Rivers, Dams and Lakes in the Nile River Basin 16 Figure 3: Average Annual Flow of the Nile River at Aswan ... ... ... ... 23 Figure 4: Lake Victoria Altitude above Sea Level ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 Figure 5: Cross Section of the Aswan High Dam and the Old Aswan Dam . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 Figure 6: The Lake Victoria Kahama Shinyanga Water Scheme, Tanzania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 73 Figure 7: Slopes of the Nile from the Sea Level ... ... ... .. ... ... 76 Figure 8: Regional Cooperation Institutions in the Nile River Basin ... .199 List of Images Image 1: The Ruwenzori Mountains as seen from Fort Portal, Uganda... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... xvii Image 2: The El Bashier (Shandi El Matama) Bridge, Sudan ... ... ... ... ..5 Image 3: Nile River at Aswan, Egypt ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 Image 4: The Blue Nile (left) meets the White Nile (right) at Khartoum to form the Nile ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 Image 5: The Sudd Wetlands of South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 Image 6: The Sekela Springs, source of the Blue Nile (Abay) ... ... ... 20 Image 7: Home of the Sekela Springs ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. 20 Image 8: Lake Tana at Bahr Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia ... ... ... .. ... 21 Image 9: Tis Abay Falls, Blue Nile River, Ethiopia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 Image 10: Blue Nile River at Tis Abay, Amhara, Ethiopia... ... ... ... ... 22 Image 11: At the spot where the Victoria Nile begins its journey northwards and where the Ripon Falls used to be ... ... ... ... 36 Image 12: Owen (Nalubaale) Falls Dam and Power Station, Uganda ... 39 v Image 13: The Bujagali Power Station, Uganda ... ... ... .. ... ... 43 Image 14: The Sudd Wetlands, Sudan . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46 Image 15: The Jebel Auliya Dam, Sudan ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. 47 Image 16: Sennar Dam, Sudan . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 Image 17: The Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 48 Image 18: The Roseires Dam, Sudan... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49 Image 19: The Merowe Dam ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50 Image 20: The Merowe Power Station. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51 Image 21: River Nile Downstream the Merowe Power Station, Sudan... 52 Image 22: The Setit Upstream of the Burdane Dam. ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 Image 23: The Setit downstream of the Burdane Dam ... ... ... .. 53 Image 24: The Blue Nile (Abay) River in the area to be inundated by the GERD ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 56 Image 25: Inspecting the Construction of GERD ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 Image 26: Construction of the GERD, Ethiopia, 2014... ... ... ... ... ... 59 Image 27: The GERD and Power Station artistic impression upon completion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 Image 28: Aswan High Dam ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 65 Image 29: The Muhammad Ahmad Ibn Al-Sayyid, Abd Allah Al-Mahdi Mausoleum... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 Image 30: Water Hyacinth in Lake Victoria... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...159 Image 31: Lake Albert at Ntoroko, Uganda 271 Image 32: Lake Kivu ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. .278 Image 33: The hash-tag on Nile Cooperation at the Headquarters of the Nile Basin Initiative. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...290 Image 34: The hash-tag on One Nile at the Headquarters of the Nile Basin Initiative. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...291 Image 35: El Shaheed el Zubeir Bridge, Doungla, Sudan ... ... ... ..293 Image 36: Pyramids of the Kings of Merowe, Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...298 vi List of Maps Map 1: Nile River Basin ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. 8 Map 2: Nile River Basin States ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ..9 Map 3: Total Rainfall in the Nile Basin 1960-90. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 Map 4: The Republic of Uganda ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 Map 5: The Republic of Sudan ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... 47 Map 6: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia ... ... ... .. 55 Map 7: Location of the GERD... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 Map 8: Arab Republic of Egypt . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 Map 9: The Democratic Republic of Congo ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 87 Map 10: Electricity Grid linking Ethiopia and Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ...152 Map 11: The Rusumo Falls Hydropower Project ... ... ... ... ... ... ...153 Map 12: The Republic of Burundi ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... .186 Map 13: The Republic of Rwanda ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... .187 Map 14: Kagera Basin Wetlands and Biodiversity ... ... ... ... ... ... ...190 Map 15: Lake Victoria Basin ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...192 Map 16: The Indus River and its Tributaries... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...210 Map 17: The Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Project as Implemented by Slovakia. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...221 Map 18: The Danube River Basin ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... .222 Map 19: Republic of South Sudan showing the former 10 states . ... ...263 Map 20: The Republic of Kenya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...267 Map 21: The Republic of South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...270 Map 22: The United Republic of Tanzania ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...277 Map 23: Map of the Republic of Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...289 vii List of Tables Table 1: Nile Basin State Areas and State Basin Areas ... ... ... .. ... 7 Table 2: Population of the Nile River Basin... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..9 Table 3: Contribution of Tributaries to the Nile River ... ... ... ... ... ... 13 Table 4: Large Electricity Generation Projects in the World ... ... ... ... 57 Table 5: Attendance of Nile Basin States to Nile COM Meetings. ... ...145 Table 6: Kagera River Basin Area ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...190 Table 7: Equatorial Great Lakes and River Basins ... ... ... ... ... ... ...195 Table 8: Transboundary River Basins... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...202 Table 9: Annual Discharge of Major Transboundary Rivers ... ... ... ...203 Table 10: Transboundary River in SADC ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ..204 Table 11: Transboundary River Basins in SADC ... ... ... .. ... ....205 Table 12: Groundwater in the Nile Basin States . ... ... ... ... ... ... ...266 Table 13: Crude Oil Refineries in Egypt ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...273 Table 14: Exploration, Discovery and Development of Natural Gas in Tanzania... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...275 viii Abbreviations AACC All Africa Council of Churches ABC Abyei Boundaries Commission ACODE Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment AD After the birth of Christ ADF Agence Française de Développement AfDB African Development Bank Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du AFDL Congo AKFED Aga Khan Foundation for Economic Development AMISOM African Union Mission to Somalia AMREF African Medical Research Foundation AU African Union ATPS African Technology Policy Studies AUSOM African Union Mission to Somalia