Customer-Led Network Revolution Commercial Arrangements Study Review of existing commercial arrangements and emerging best practice Document No: CLNR-L032 Authors: Celine Cluzel Element Energy Eleanor Standen Element Energy Issue Date: 13th June 2013 Copyright Northern Powergrid (Northeast) Limited, Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) Plc, Durham University, 2013 Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 2 Overview of the UK electricity market .......................................................................... 4 2.1 Generation and national interconnection ............................................................... 4 2.2 Transmission and system operation ........................................................................ 7 2.3 Distribution ............................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Supply ..................................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Current and future demand ................................................................................... 13 3 Description of the legislative and regulatory framework ............................................ 15 3.1 Electricity market codes ......................................................................................... 15 3.2 Contractual agreements ......................................................................................... 17 3.3 Connection and distribution use of system charging methodologies ................... 18 3.3.1 Suppliers’ charges .......................................................................................... 22 3.3.2 Distributed generators’ charges and payments ............................................ 23 3.3.3 Embedded network charges .......................................................................... 25 3.3.4 Illustrative network charges .......................................................................... 25 3.4 Other charges ......................................................................................................... 26 3.4.1 Transmission Network Use of System charges .............................................. 26 3.4.2 Balancing Services Use of System charges .................................................... 27 3.5 The price control regime ........................................................................................ 27 3.5.1 Distribution Price Control Review 5 .............................................................. 27 3.5.2 RIIO-ED1 ........................................................................................................ 28 4 Detailed analysis of current commercial arrangements .............................................. 30 4.1 Large generators .................................................................................................... 30 4.1.1 The wholesale market ................................................................................... 33 4.1.2 Direct contracts with third-parties ................................................................ 34 4.2 Distributed generators ........................................................................................... 36 4.2.1 Incentives and embedded benefits ............................................................... 36 4.2.2 Detailed analysis of current connection agreements and connection charging principles ...................................................................................................... 38 4.2.3 Impact of distributed generation on network operation .............................. 41 4.3 Suppliers and end-users ......................................................................................... 43 4.3.1 Commercial models by customer sector ....................................................... 44 4.3.2 Incentives for suppliers and end-users ......................................................... 45 4.4 The relationship between DNOs and domestic electricity consumers .................. 46 4.5 Balancing services .................................................................................................. 47 5 Identification of successful models and barriers in current market arrangements ...... 49 5.1 Influencing customers’ demand ............................................................................. 49 5.1.1 Existing models for load shifting ................................................................... 50 5.1.2 Barriers to demand side response ................................................................. 54 5.2 Integration of renewable generation ..................................................................... 62 5.2.1 Storage........................................................................................................... 62 5.2.2 More active role in system management & Distribution System Operator role ................................................................................................................ 64 5.3 Summary of barriers resulting from market arrangements................................... 65 6 Analysis of emerging commercial arrangements ........................................................ 67 6.1 Connection agreements ......................................................................................... 67 6.2 Electricity Market Reform ...................................................................................... 70 6.3 DNO perspective on smart meters – benefits and failures of current proposals .. 71 7 Review of international best practice ......................................................................... 74 7.1 Examples from Europe ........................................................................................... 74 7.2 DSM market and management of inflexible generation in the USA ...................... 77 7.3 Developing a market for DSR and embedded generation: the case of Australia .. 82 7.4 Learning opportunities for UK market ................................................................... 85 8 Summary and next steps ............................................................................................ 86 8.1 Overview of the UK electricity market ................................................................... 86 8.2 Key features of current arrangements ................................................................... 87 8.2.1 Regulatory framework for distribution network operators .......................... 87 8.2.2 Current commercial arrangements ............................................................... 90 8.3 Barriers in current arrangements and emerging arrangements ............................ 92 8.3.1 Existing models and barriers in current arrangements ................................. 92 8.3.2 Emerging commercial arrangements ............................................................ 95 8.4 Next steps ............................................................................................................... 96 9 Appendix ................................................................................................................... 98 9.1 DUoS tariffs and profile class ................................................................................. 98 9.2 DPCR5: incentives and obligations on DNOs ........................................................ 101 9.2.1 Climate change measures ........................................................................... 101 9.2.2 Improving customer service ........................................................................ 102 9.2.3 Efficient investment in networks................................................................. 104 9.3 Case Study: connection of a new embedded generator that requires reinforcement involving security and fault level CAFs .................................................. 105 9.4 DNO led DSR trials ................................................................................................ 107 Authors For comments or queries please contact: [email protected] 0330 119 0984 [email protected] 0122 385 2498 Reviewer Ian Walker, Director, Element Energy Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the time several industry players have offered to answer our questions and discuss their views. They would like to especially thank Ofgem, Northern Powergrid, ENWL, Renewable UK, the Energy Network Association, RAP, Eurelectric and Andy Hadland from Energy Excel. Acronyms AEMC Australian energy market commission ANM Active network management AONB Areas of outstanding natural beauty BAU Business as usual BCA Bilateral connection agreement BM Balancing mechanism BMRS Balancing mechanism reporting system BSC Balancing and settlement code BSUoS Balancing Services Use of System CAF Cost apportionment factor CCCM Common connection charging methodology CCL Climate change levy CDCM Common distribution charging methodology/Model CERT Carbon emissions reduction target CHP Combined Heat and Power CLNR Customer-led network revolution CRC Charge restriction condition CUSC Connection and use of system code DC Distribution code DCUSA Distribution connection and use of system agreement DECC Department of energy and climate change DG Distributed generator / generation DNO Distribution network operator DPCR Distribution price control review DSM Demand side management DSR Demand side response