Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs Open Access Dissertations Theses and Dissertations Fall 2013 Effects of Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) Invasion and Removal on Native Vegetation and White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Mixed-Hardwood Forests of Indiana Joshua Michael Shields Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Shields, Joshua Michael, "Effects of Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) Invasion and Removal on Native Vegetation and White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Mixed-Hardwood Forests of Indiana" (2013). Open Access Dissertations. 60. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_dissertations/60 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Graduate School ETD Form 9 (Revised 12/07) PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL Thesis/Dissertation Acceptance This is to certify that the thesis/dissertation prepared By Joshua M. Shields Entitled Effects of Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) invasion and removal on native vegetation and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in mixed-hardwood forests of Indiana Doctor of Philosophy For the degree of Is approved by the final examining committee: Michael Jenkins John B. Dunning Chair Michael Saunders Kevin Gibson Patrick Zollner To the best of my knowledge and as understood by the student in the Research Integrity and Copyright Disclaimer (Graduate School Form 20), this thesis/dissertation adheres to the provisions of Purdue University’s “Policy on Integrity in Research” and the use of copyrighted material. Approved by Major Professor(s): ____________________________________Michael Jenkins ____________________________________ Approved by: Robert K. Swihart 09/11/2013 Head of the Graduate Program Date 1 EFFECTS OF AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) INVASION AND REMOVAL ON NATIVE VEGETATION AND WHITE- FOOTED MICE (Peromyscus leucopus) IN MIXED-HARDWOOD FORESTS OF INDIANA A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University by Joshua M. Shields In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana ii For my mother and step-father, father and step-mother, grandparents (Shields and Castellon), and the rest of my family and friends who provided much love and support during my time at Purdue. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I’d like to thank my primary advisor Dr. Michael Jenkins and my graduate committee members Dr. Michael Saunders, Dr. Patrick Zollner, Dr. John Dunning, Jr., and Dr. Kevin Gibson for helping with every imaginable aspect of my research project at Purdue. I’d also like to thank Dr. Hao Zhang, Dr. Olin E. Rhodes, Jr., Dr. Marc Kéry, Dr. Gary White, Rob Morrissey, Justin Arseneault, Rita Blythe, and Lindsey Reschke for help with the study design, data analyses, and/or for commenting on implications. Thanks also to Dr. Hao Zhang, Dr. Christopher Webster, and Dr. Robert Swihart for reviewing earlier versions of manuscripts that will result from this dissertation. Thanks to Lindsay Jenkins, Rob Quackenbush, Kyle Leffel, Amanda Parks, Michael Loesch-Fries, Brian Bailey, Caleb Brown, Justin Schmal, Brian Beheler, Oriana Rueda Krauss, Seth Howard, Amy Wetzel, Taryn Clark, Crystal Bevis, Lindsey Purcell, Jeff Clark, Dr. Rick Meilan, Shelly Newman (mother), and Randy Newman (step-father) for their help collecting/entering data, removing invasive species, loaning us equipment, and/or cleaning Sherman traps. Thanks to Matt Kraushar, Dr. Zach Lowe, Keith Ruble, and Greg Ressler for advice on herbicide application. I’d also like to thank Burk Thompson, Andy Meier, Don Carlson, Brent Pursell, Dr. Kerry Rabenold, Mike Mycroft, Mike List, Jeff Cummings, Dave Rader, Roy Dane, Doug Ucci, Jay Young, and Kevin Leuck for helping find study sites and/or granting permission to work on properties. Thanks to Mike Homoya and Sally Weeks for their help identifying plant specimens. iv Thanks to Jennifer Spitznagle, Janis Gosewehr, Theresa Baker, Marlene Mann, Shelly Opperman, and Julie Pluimer for their help with business-related tasks. I’d also like to thank Purdue University, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and the Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center for their support. Other financial support was provided by the Purdue Doctoral Fellowship and the Frederick N. Andrews and Russell O. Blosser Environmental Travel Grant programs. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 1.1 The Problem with Invasive Species ...........................................................1 1.2 Amur Honeysuckle .....................................................................................4 1.3 Objectives of Dissertation ..........................................................................8 CHAPTER 2 AGE DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL PATTERNING OF AN INVASIVE SHRUB IN SECONDARY HARDWOOD FORESTS ...11 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................11 2.2 Methods ....................................................................................................14 2.2.1 Study Sites ...........................................................................................14 2.2.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................15 2.2.3 Data Analyses ......................................................................................17 2.3 Results ......................................................................................................23 2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................25 vi Page CHAPTER 3 INFLUENCE OF INTENSITY AND DURATION OF INVASION BY AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) WITHIN AND ACROSS MIXED-HARDWOOD FORESTS OF INDIANA .............................................................................................38 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................38 3.2 Methods ....................................................................................................41 3.2.1 Study Sites ...........................................................................................41 3.2.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................43 3.2.3 Data Analyses ......................................................................................45 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................50 3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 4 SHORT-TERM RESPONSE OF NATIVE FLORA TO THE REMOVAL OF NON-NATIVE SHRUBS IN MIXED-HARDWOOD FORESTS ...........................................................................................108 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................108 4.2 Methods ..................................................................................................112 4.2.1 Study Sites .........................................................................................112 4.2.2 Experimental Design .........................................................................113 4.2.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................114 4.2.4 Data Analyses ....................................................................................116 4.3 Results ....................................................................................................119 vii Page 4.3.1 Response of Amur honeysuckle ........................................................119 4.3.2 Response of native flora and garlic mustard .....................................119 4.4 Discussion ..............................................................................................125 CHAPTER 5 EFFECTS OF AMUR HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera maackii [Rupr.] Herder) INVASION AND REMOVAL ON WHITE-FOOTED MICE (Peromyscus leucopus) .......................................................................167 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................167 5.2 Methods ..................................................................................................172 5.2.1 Study Sites .........................................................................................172 5.2.2 Experimental Design .........................................................................173 5.2.3 Data Collection ..................................................................................175 5.2.3.1 White-footed mice .............................................................................175