Sys Rev Pharm 2020;11(8):537-541 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy The Role of Ganoderma lucidum Uptake on Some Hematological and Immunological Response in Patients with Coronavirus (COVID-19) Miqdam M. Obaid AL-jumaili1, Fahad K. Y. Al-dulaimi2, Mohammed A. Ajeel3 1Nineveh University- Ninevah college of medicine 2Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq. 3College of Pharmacy / University of Mosul Corresponding author: Miqdam M. Obaid AL-jumaili e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT At the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus was discovered to cause Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, coronavirus, COVID-19, hematological pneumonia in Wuhan city in the Hubei Province, China. Later it has caused response significant worldwide crises due to its fast transmission between humans, causing a widespread pandemic around the world. 150 patients with COVID- Correspondence: 19 were collected from Shirqat hospital, their ages were between 35-55 Miqdam M. Obaid AL-jumaili years. The patients were divided into four groups. as follows: (1) The healthy Nineveh University-Nineveh college of medicine control group: normal apparently healthy individuals, (2) G. lucidum group: e-mail: [email protected] Healthy individuals received G. lucidum orally, (3) COVID-19 Patients: patients infected with COVID-19, (4) Human convalescent plasma: this group treated Human convalescent plasma for intravenous injection, and (5) Patients COVID-19+ G. lucidum group: this group after infection and treated with G. lucidum, (6) COVID-19 Patients + Human convalescent plasma: this group treated with Human convalescent plasma for intravenous injection. The immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) were positive in Patients with the COVID- 19 group, whereas (IgG) only was positive in Patients COVID-19+G.lucidum and Patients COVID-19+ Human convalescent. The IgM was negative in Patients with COVID-19+G.lucidum and Patients with COVID-19+ Human convalescent groups. The result found that there was a significant change between the study groups (p<0.05) in total white blood cells, there was a less significant increase in G. lucidum group compared with control group. The lymphocyte was significantly decrease for patients with COVID-19 group compared with control group, while significant increase were seen in G. lucidum group and Human convalescent plasma compared with control group and the patients with COVID-19 + G.lucidum group results showed a significant increase compared with patients COVID-19 group.The result showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in Patients with COVID-19 group of Hb, PCV, RBCs, and Platelet compared with the control group and G.lucidum group, while there was no significant change in the G.lucidum group and Human convalescent plasma group compared with the control group. Convalescent plasma together with the hyperimmune immunoglobulin have appositive effects on treating the COVID-19, as well as the G. lucidum has a great significant role in reducing the COVID-19 malicious effect on the studied hematological parameters. G. lucidum can be used to help in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. INTRODUCTION and the world to be a global health emergency. at the Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of RNA viruses that beginning of 2020 in February, the SARS-CoV-2 has been enveloped with a protein coat. it belongs to the labeled as the 2019-nCoV by the World Health Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order. CoVs were Organization (WHO). The 2019-nCoV infection mortality identified as a zoonotic that signifies its ability to was recorded to be around 2% in China, less than that of transmit from animals to humans and cause a wide range MERS and SARS infection. Yet, it has caused significant of viral diseases. These infections appear as diverse worldwide crises due to its fast transmission between symptoms ranging from the common cold to fatal humans, causing a widespread pandemic around the diseases, such as enteric and central nervous system world (Xu et al.,2020; WHO, 2020). diseases, as well as respiratory syndrome. Two members At the current time, there is no specific medication of the COV family microorganisms have been caused two against this novel virus, supporting the organs of the outbreaks in the past few years, the Severe Acute symptomatic severely ill individuals are the main steps of Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the Middle East the clinical treatment, however, some drugs have been Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). In 2002, SARS was used to restrain acute respiratory distress syndrome identified in southern China, as for MERS was identified (ARDS) alongside the supplement. the recovered People in Saudi Arabia for the first time in 2012. (Nakarin et developed natural immune defenses (antibodies) against al.,2020; Zhu et al.,2020). the disease in their plasma (Yuan et al.,2020). At the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus was discovered Ganoderma lucidum has been used widely in the east over to cause pneumonia, it has been designated as SARS CoV- the history for health promotion in Iraq, Japan, China, and 2 at the beginning, in Wuhan city in the Hubei Province, other Asian countries. Itis a large, dark fungus that has a China (Xu et al.,2020). It subsequently spread over China glossy exterior with a woody texture. (Moncalvo, 2000). 537 Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 8, Aug-Sep 2020 AL-jumaili et al. /The Role of Ganoderma lucidum Uptake on some Hematological and Immunological Response in Patients with Coronavirus (COVID-19) The Ganodermataceae family described as a polypore Statistical Analysis basidiomycetous fungi with a basidiospore surrounded The ANOVA analysis was used for the study data analyzed with a double-walls (Donk 1964). Ganoderma species using the general linear model of the Statistically Analysis contained protein, fats, carbohydrate, fiber, vitamins, and System (SAS). the level of significance was evaluated by ash minerals such as with calcium, potassium, using Duncan’s multiple range test (Duncan,1955), and magnesium, phosphorus, iron, selenium, copper, and zinc the significance level was P<0.05. (Borchers et al. 1999; Al-dulaimi et al.,2020). Some protease inhibitors of the virus have been isolated from Results and Discussion some fungi strains. Lingzhi fungi (the chines designation The results (Table 1) showed that immunoglobulin (IgG for Ganoderma species) were acknowledged as a dietary and IgM) were positive in Patients with the COVID-19 supplement around the world because they have an group, whereas (IgG) only was positive in Patients attachment with long-term health safety and they own a COVID-19+G.lucidum and Patients COVID-19+ Human wide range of medical properties (Nakarin et al.,2020). convalescent. The (IgM) was negative in Patients with In addition, these fungi have a wide variety of biologically COVID-19+G.lucidum and Patients with COVID-19+ active molecules, like steroids, terpenoids, nucleotides, Human convalescent groups. This positive result of phenols, and their derivatives, glycoproteins, immunoglobulin in Patients with COVID-19+G.lucidum peptidoglycans, triterpenes, and polysaccharides. the and Patients COVID-19+ Human convalescent groups may proteins of these fungi hold all of the essential amino be due to G.lucidum content many compounds that have acids especially the lysine and leucine. The high content inhibitory effects versus the protease activity of the of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and the low proportion COVID-19 including 3β-5α-dihydroxy-6-methoxyergosta- of the total fat contributes significantly to these fungi 7,22-diene, ganolucidic acid β, ganoderic acid A–C, health value (Chang and Buswell 1996; Sanodiya et al. ganodermanontriol, ganodermanondiol and lucidumol B 2009; Abd-Alwahab and Al-dulaimi,2018: Zhou et al. (Lee et al.,1999; Li .,2005). 2007). Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the role of Ganoderma lucidum uptake on some hematological and Table 1. Effect of G.lucidum on IgG and IgM in Patients immunological response in patients in patients with COVID-19 coronavirus. Groups Result IgG IgM Materials and Methods Control 0.000 0.000 Design of experiments G. lucidum 0.000 0.000 The study patients with COVID-19 were collected from Shirqat hospital. The plasma was collected from infected Patients COVID-19 2.300 6.200 patients with COVID-19 and convalescent plasma were Human convalescent 0.012 0.017 collected from the healed individuals after infection. plasma G.lucidum was obtained from (DXN Company, Malaysia). Patients COVID- 5.200 0.080 The study performance period ranged from between 19+G.lucidum April-June 2020. 150 patients, their ages were between Patients COVID-19+ 7.120 0.060 35-55 years, were divided into four groups. as follows: Human convalescent (1) The healthy control group: normal apparently healthy * Positive >0.1 individuals, (2) G.lucidum group: Healthy individuals * Negative<0.1 received G.lucidum orally (0.3g/1kg of body wt.), (3) COVID-19 Patients: patients infected with COVID-19, (4) Table 2 showed the effects of G.lucidum on total and Human convalescent plasma: this group treated Human differential white blood cells in Patients. The result found convalescent plasma for intravenous injection (100µl that there was a significant changes between the study /1kg of body wt. period 5 days), and (5) Patients COVID- gropes (p<0.05) in total white blood cells, there was a 19+G.lucidum group: this group after infection and less significant increase in G.lucidum group compared treated with G.lucidum (0.3g/1kg of body wt.) daily for with control group. The differential white blood cells (10) days, (6) COVID-19 Patients + Human convalescent showed significant different in all groups, lymphocyte plasma: this group after infection and treated of Human was significantly decrease for patients with COVID-19 convalescent plasma for intravenous injection (100µl group compared with control group, while significant /1kg of body wt. period 10 days). After the end of the increase were seen in G.lucidum group and Human experiment, blood was collected from all the study convalescent plasma compared with control group and subjects via median cubital for laboratory analysis.