Original research Peer reviewed Efficacy of three disinfectants against Senecavirus A on five surfaces and at two temperatures Azad Singh, MVSc; Sunil K. Mor, PhD; Hamada Aboubakr, MSc; Fabio Vannucci, PhD; Devi P. Patnayak, PhD; Sagar M. Goyal, PhD Summary Results: At ~25°C, household bleach at 1:20 was inactivated within 60 minutes at both Objectives: To evaluate the virucidal effica- dilution inactivated ≥ 99.99% of the virus temperatures and on all surfaces. To detect cy of three commercial disinfectants against within 10 to 15 minutes on aluminum, rub- differences between disinfectants, paired Senecavirus A (SVA) on five different sur- ber, and plastic. On stainless steel and cured Wilcoxon tests were performed. At 10- and faces at ~25°C and 4°C. cement, it inactivated 99.97% and 99.98% 15-minute time points, efficacies of the three of the virus, respectively. At 4°C, bleach disinfectants differed significantly. Materials and methods: Household bleach, inactivated ≥ 99.99% of the virus within a phenolic disinfectant, and a quaternary Implications: Significant variation exists in 5 to15 minutes on all surfaces except rub- ammonium-aldehyde disinfectant were the antiviral efficacies of different disinfec- ber; on rubber, inactivation was 99.91% after tested at manufacturer’s recommended con- tants. Hence, they should be tested against 15 minutes. The phenolic disinfectant at the centrations against a contemporary strain of various pathogens before use in the field. SVA on aluminum, stainless steel, rubber, manufacturer’s recommended concentration cement, and plastic surfaces at ~25°C and inactivated only ≤ 82.41% of the virus at Keywords: swine, Senecavirus A, disinfec- 4°C. Virus propagation and titration were either temperature and on any surface, even tant, virucidal, biosecurity. after a 60-minute contact time. Results for performed on swine testicular cells. Viral Received: January 30, 2016 the quaternary ammonium disinfectant were titers were calculated before and after expo- Accepted: July 5, 2016 sure to the disinfectant being tested. intermediate: 78.12% to 99.81% of the virus Resumen - Eficacia de tres desinfectantes del virus en un periodo de 10 a 15 minutos Implicaciones: Existe una variación significa- contra el Senecavirus A en cinco superficies en aluminio, hule, y plástico. En acero inoxid- tiva en la eficacia antiviral de diferentes desin- y a dos temperaturas able y cemento curado, desactivó 99.97% y fectantes. Por consiguiente, deberían probarse 99.98% del virus, respectivamente. A 4ºC, contra varios patógenos antes de utilizarse en Objetivos: Evaluar la eficacia viricida de tres el blanqueador desactivó ≥ 99.99% del virus el campo. desinfectantes comerciales contra el Senecavi- en un periodo de 5 a 15 minutes en todas las rus A (SVA por sus siglas en inglés) en cinco superficies excepto el hule; en hule, la desacti- Résumé - Efficacité de trois désinfectants superficies diferentes a ~25ºC y 4ºC. vación fue de 99.91% después de 15 minutos. contre le Senecavirus A sur cinq surfaces et à Materiales y métodos: Se probaron un blan- El desinfectante fenólico en la concentración deux températures queador casero, un desinfectante fenólico, recomendada por el fabricante desactivó Objectifs: Évaluer l’efficacité virucide de trois y un desinfectante a base de cuaternarios de solamente ≤ 82.41% del virus en ambas désinfectants commerciaux contre le Seneca- amonio y aldehído, en las concentraciones temperaturas y en cualquiera de las superfi- virus A (SVA) sur cinq surfaces différentes et à recomendadas por el fabricante contra una cies, aún después de un tiempo de contacto ~25ºC et 4°C. cepa contemporánea de SVA en superficies de 60 minutos. Los resultados para el desin- de aluminio, acero inoxidable, hule, cemento, fectante a base de cuaternarios de amonio Matériels et méthodes: De l’eau de javel do- y plástico a ~25ºC y 4ºC. La propagación fueron intermedios: 78.12% a 99.81% del mestique, un désinfectant phénolique, et un y titulación del virus se realizó en células virus fue desactivado dentro de un periodo de désinfectant d’aldéhyde d’ammonium quater- testiculares porcinas. Las cargas virales se 60 minutos en ambas temperaturas y en todas naire ont été testés aux concentrations recom- calcularon antes y después de la exposición al las superficies. Para detectar diferencias entre mandées par les manufacturiers contre une desinfectante que se estaba probando. los desinfectantes, se realizó la prueba de Wil- souche contemporaine de SVA sur des surfac- coxon de pares iguales. La eficacia de los tres es d’aluminium, d’acier inoxydable, de caou- Resultados: A ~25ºC, el blanqueador casero desinfectantes difirió significativamente en los tchouc, de ciment, et de plastique à ~25ºC a una dilución de 1:20 desactivó ≥ 99.99% puntos de tiempo de 10 y 15 minutos. et 4°C. La propagation et la titration du virus ont été réalisées sur des cellules testiculaires de porc. Les titres viraux ont été calculés avant et Department of Veterinary Population Medicine and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of après exposition au désinfectant testé. Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota. Corresponding author: Dr Sagar M Goyal, 1333 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN 55108; Tel: 612-625-2714; Résultats: À ~25ºC, l’eau de javel diluée 1:20 E-mail: [email protected]. a inactivé ≥ 99,99% des virus dans un délai de 10 à 15 minutes sur l’aluminium, le caou- This article is available online at http://www.aasv.org/shap.html. tchouc, et le plastique. Sur l’acier inoxydable Singh A, Mor SK, Aboubakr H, et al. Efficacy of three disinfectants against Senecavirus A on five et le ciment, l’inactivation du virus étaient surfaces and at two temperatures. J Swine Health Prod. 2017;25(2):64–68. 64 Journal of Swine Health and Production — March and April 2017 de 99,97% et 99,98% respectivement. À that SVA spreads, as in the case of FMDV, were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 4°C, l’eau de javel a inactivé ≥ 99,99% des by direct contact with infected individu- minutes, and temperature-sensitive autoclave virus dans un délai de 5 à 15 minutes sur als or fomites, or exposure to aerosolized tape was used to confirm sterility. To each toutes les surfaces sauf le caoutchouc; sur le virus.1 Detectable levels of infectious virus sterile coupon, 40 µL of SVA was applied. caoutchouc, l’inactivation du virus était de have been found in nasal secretions, sputum, The coupon was then dried in a laminar flow 99,91% après 15 minutes. Le désinfectant blood, urine, and stool of human cancer hood for approximately 45 minutes. The phénolique utilisé à la concentration recom- patients treated with intravenous SVA in inoculum volume of 40 µL was used with mandée par le manufacturier n’a inactivé clinical trials for therapeutic use.11 Animal the intent to cover at least half of the coupon que ≤ 82,41% des virus à l’une ou l’autre houses can be contaminated via excretions of surface with the virus. A volume of 40 µL des températures, et sur n’importe laquelle infected animals. Regular cleaning and dis- was found to be appropriate for this purpose. des surfaces, et ce même après un temps de infection of these premises is a cost-effective Disinfectant to be tested was then applied to contact de 60 minutes. Les résultats pour le the dried virus layer at 50 µL per coupon. The biosecurity measure to control and prevent désinfectant ammonium quaternaire étaient volume of 50 µL per coupon ensured that all viral diseases and to minimize their impact. intermédiaires: 78,12% à 99,81% des virus of the virus inoculum came into contact with étaient inactivés dans un délai de 60 min- The effectiveness of disinfectants depends on the disinfectant. utes aux deux températures et sur toutes les many factors, such as chemical nature of the For negative control, 50 µL of minimum surfaces. Afin de détecter des différences disinfectant, temperature at which it is used, essential medium (MEM) was used instead entre les désinfectants, les résultats étaient type of contaminated surface, and physi- of the disinfectant. Contact times were 1, 3, comparés par le test pairé de Wilcoxon. cochemical characteristics of the virus (eg, 5, 10, and 15 minutes for bleach and 10, 15, Aux temps de contact de 10 et 15 minutes, size and enveloped or non-enveloped). This 30, and 60 minutes for Tek-Trol and Syner- l’efficacité des trois désinfectants différait de makes it important to test a particular disin- gize. After various contact times, 400 µL of manière significative. fectant against the target pathogen to ensure an eluent solution (3% beef extract in 0.05 Implications: Des variations significatives that it will be effective against the pathogen M glycine solution; pH 7.5) was added to existent dans l’efficacité antivirale de dif- in question. This study was designed to all wells. The eluent was repeatedly pipetted férents désinfectants. Ainsi, ils devraient être evaluate the efficacies of three commercially back and forth in each well to facilitate virus testés contre les différents agents pathogènes available disinfectants against SVA at two elution from the surface. Serial tenfold dilu- avant leur utilisation sur le terrain. different temperatures (~25°C and 4°C) tions of elutes were prepared immediately using as carrier surfaces discs of aluminum, in MEM followed by inoculation of all dilu- enecavirus A (SVA) is a small, non- steel, rubber, plastic, and cured cement. tions in monolayers of ST cells contained in enveloped picorna virus having a single- 96-well microtiter plates, using three wells stranded, positive-sense RNA genome.1 Materials and methods per dilution. Inoculated plates were incu- SIt belongs to genus Senecavirus, which is closely bated at 37°C and observed daily for up to related to the genus Cardiovirus in Picorna- Virus propagation 4 days for the appearance of virus-induced 2 cytopathic effects.