JAIST Repository https://dspace.jaist.ac.jp/ オープンソース方式におけるイノベーションプロセス Title の分析 －大学発オープンソースソフトウェアの可能 性－ Author(s) 杉本, 宏史 Citation Issue Date 2002-03 Type Thesis or Dissertation Text version author URL http://hdl.handle.net/10119/348 Rights Description Supervisor:亀岡 秋男, 知識科学研究科, 修士 Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology ୃ ჻ ⺰ ᢥ ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬᣇᑼߦ߅ߌࠆࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩಽᨆ 㧙ᄢቇ⊒ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߩน⢻ᕈ㧙 ᜰዉᢎቭ ੉ጟ⑺↵ ᢎ᝼ ർ㒽వ┵⑼ቇᛛⴚᄢቇ㒮ᄢቇ ⍮⼂⑼ቇ⎇ⓥ⑼⍮⼂␠ળࠪࠬ࠹ࡓቇኾ᡹ 050044 ᧖ᧄ ብผ ክᩏᆔຬ㧦 ੉ጟ ⑺↵ ᢎ᝼㧔ਥᩏ㧕 ᳗↰ ᤩ਽ ഥᢎ᝼ ᪢ᧄ ൎඳ ഥᢎ᝼ ㆙ጊ ੫ሶ ഥᢎ᝼ 2002 ᐕ㧞᦬ Copyright հ 2002 by Hiroshi Sugimoto ⋡ᰴ ╙㧝┨ ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛࡮ᣇᴺ.............................................................................................1 1-1 ⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊ ....................................................................................................... 1 1-1-1 ”⵾ຠ” ߣߒߡߩࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ ............................................ 1 1-1-2 ᄢቇߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ ......................................................................................... 2 1-2 ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛ߣᣇᴺ ............................................................................................ 3 1-2-1 ᧄ⎇ⓥߩ⋡⊛............................................................................................. 3 1-2-2 ⎇ⓥᣇᴺߣ⺰ᢥ᭴ᚑ .................................................................................. 3 ╙㧞┨ ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߩ᭎ⷐ .............................................................4 2-1 ߪߓ߼ߦ........................................................................................................... 4 2-2 ࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦ࠰ࡈ࠻ߩ⒳㘃.................................................................................. 5 2-2-1 ࠝࡦ࡜ࠗࡦ࠰ࡈ࠻ߣߪ .............................................................................. 5 2-2-2 ࡈ࡝࡯࠰ࡈ࠻............................................................................................. 6 2-2-3 ࡈ࡝࡯࠙ࠚࠕ............................................................................................. 7 2-2-4 ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ ......................................................................................... 8 2-3 ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬߩ․ᓽ ....................................................................................11 2-3-1 ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬߩ․ᓽߣߪ ......................................................................11 2-3-2 ⶄ⵾࡮㈩Ꮣߩ⥄↱.....................................................................................11 2-3-3 ࠰࡯ࠬࠦ࡯࠼౉ᚻߩ⥄↱......................................................................... 12 2-3-4 ୃᱜ࡮ᡷ⦟ߩ⥄↱.................................................................................... 13 2-4 OSS ߣࡈ࡝࡯࠙ࠚࠕߩ㆑޿............................................................................ 13 2-5 ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬߦ߅ߌࠆ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬᒻᘒ....................................................... 14 2-5-1 ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬߩ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬᒻᘒߣߪ ................................................... 14 2-5-2 GPL ......................................................................................................... 15 2-5-3 X,MIT,BSD.............................................................................................. 16 2-5-4 NPL ......................................................................................................... 17 ╙㧟┨ OSS 㐿⊒ߦ߅ߌࠆේേജߩಽᨆ .................................................................19 3-1 ಽᨆߩᚻᴺ ..................................................................................................... 19 3-2 ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞⽷ ..................................................................................................... 20 3-2-1 ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞⽷ߣߪߥߦ߆ ............................................................................ 20 3-2-2 ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞⽷ߩ౏౒⽷⊛஥㕙 ..................................................................... 20 3-2-3 OSS ߣߩ㑐ଥ .......................................................................................... 21 i 3-3 ࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ ................................................................................................. 21 3-3-1 ੑߟߩޟࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢޠ......................................................................... 21 3-3-2 ࠦࡦࡇࡘ࡯࠲ߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ ....................................................... 22 3-3-3 ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦߣߒߡߩࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ ............................................ 23 3-4 ࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯ ................................................................................................. 24 3-4-1 ࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯ߣߪ.................................................................................... 24 3-4-2 OSS ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯ .......................................................... 24 3-4-3 ࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯ࠦࡕࡦ࠭ ............................................................................ 24 3-4-4 ડᬺᚢ⇛ߣߒߡߩࡏ࡜ࡦ࠲࡝࡯ .............................................................. 25 3-5 ಽᨆ⚿ᨐ......................................................................................................... 26 ╙㧠┨ ᄢቇߣ OSS ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⺞ᩏ...........................................................................28 4-1 ⺞ᩏᣇᴺ......................................................................................................... 28 4-2 ࠺ࠖࠬ࠻࡝ࡆࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ⺞ᩏ ........................................................................ 28 4-2-1 ⺞ᩏౝኈ.................................................................................................. 28 4-2-2 ⺞ᩏኻ⽎.................................................................................................. 29 4-2-3 ⺞ᩏᣇᴺ.................................................................................................. 30 4-2-4 ⺞ᩏ⚿ᨐ.................................................................................................. 31 4-2-5 ಽᨆ ......................................................................................................... 34 4-3 ੐଀⎇ⓥ......................................................................................................... 35 4-3-1 ⺞ᩏ⋡⊛࡮ᣇᴺ ....................................................................................... 35 4-3-2 PostgreSQL ߣߪߥߦ߆ .......................................................................... 35 4-3-3 PostgreSQL ߩᱧผ ................................................................................. 37 4-3-4 PostgreSQL ⊒ዷߩᵹࠇ .......................................................................... 39 4-3-5 ಽᨆ ......................................................................................................... 39 ╙㧡┨ ⚿⺰ ............................................................................................................45 5-1 ᄢቇ⊒ OSS ߦ߅ߌࠆࠗࡁࡌ࡯࡚ࠪࡦࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߩᣂⷙᕈ ............................... 45 5-2 ᄢቇߦ߅ߌࠆ OSS ᵴ↪ߦ㑐ߔࠆឭ⸒............................................................ 45 5-2-1 ࠺ࠫ࠲࡞⽷ߩᕈ⾰ࠍᵴ↪ߔࠆ.................................................................. 46 5-2-2 OSS ߇⢒ߟⅣႺߩᢛ஻ࠍ......................................................................... 46 5-3 ⸃᣿ὐ ............................................................................................................ 47 ෳ⠨ᢥ₂৻ⷩ...........................................................................................................48 ii ࿑⴫৻ⷩ ࿑ 1-1 ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ߩᵹࠇ…….………………………………1 ࿑ 2-1 ᵹㅢ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕಽ㘃࿑………………………………….………………………...5 ࿑ 3-1 OSS ߦ߅ߌࠆේേജ…………………………………………….…………………27 ࿑ 4-1 ࡔ࡯࡞ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬ⺞ᩏ࡮࠻࠶ࡊ࠼ࡔࠗࡦౝ⸶……………………….………..……31 ࿑ 4-2 ࡔ࡯࡞ࠕ࠼࡟ࠬ⺞ᩏ jp ࠼ࡔࠗࡦౝ⸶……………………………………..…….33 ࿑ 4-3 PostgreSQL ♽⛔࿑…………………………………………………………………39 ࿑ 4-4 Mosaic ♽⛔࿑……………………………………………………………………….40 ࿑ 4-5 ᓥ᧪ߩ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ⒖ォࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ………………………………………………….43 ࿑ 4-6 OSS ߦࠃࠆ⎇ⓥᚑᨐߩ⒖ォࡊࡠ࠮ࠬ…………………………………………….44 ⴫ 1-1 㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢ૶↪ߐࠇࠆ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ…………………………………1 ⴫ 2-1 OSS ߩ৻଀……………………………………………………………………………4 ⴫ 2-2 OSS ࡜ࠗ࠮ࡦࠬ৻ⷩ⴫……………………………………………………………..15 ⴫ 4-1 ਥߥ Linux ࠺ࠖࠬ࠻࡝ࡆࡘ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ৻ⷩ………………………………………29 ⴫ 4-1 ࿑ 4-1 ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠼ࡔࠗࡦฬ⒓……………………………………………………..31 ⴫ 4-2 ࿑ 4-2 ߦ߅ߌࠆ࠼ࡔࠗࡦฬ⒓……………………………………………………..33 ⴫ 4-3 OSS 㐿⊒ਥ૕……………………………………………………………………….35 ⴫ 4-4 ᄢቇ⊒ OSS ৻ⷩ……………………………………………………………………40 iii ╙㧝┨ ⎇ⓥ⋡⊛࡮ᣇᴺ 1-1 ⎇ⓥߩ⢛᥊ 1-1-1 ”⵾ຠ”ߣߒߡߩࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ ⃻࿷ޔࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߩ೑↪ߢᦨ߽ᐢߊ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߪޔ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ߣ WWW(World Wide Web)ߣ޿ߞߡ߽⦟޿ߛࠈ߁ޕࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߩ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ߪޔ ⶄᢙߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓࠍ⚻↱ߒߡ⋧ᚻߦㅍࠄࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ৻⥸ߦ૶↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ᭴ᚑ ߪᰴߩࠃ߁ߦߥߞߡ޿ࠆޕ DNS(Domain DNS(Domain Name Name System) System) BIND BIND MUA(Message MTA(Message MTA(Message MUA(Message User Agent) Transfer Agent) Transfer Agent) User Agent) The Internet OutLook OutLook Expres sendmail sendmail Expres Netscape Netscape Messenger Messenger [࿑ 1-1 ࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߦ߅ߌࠆ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ߩᵹࠇ] ソフトウェア名 内容 netscape Messenger ネットスケープ社のメーラー（MUA） Outlook Express マイクロソフト社のメーラー（MUA） sendmail 広く普及しているメール転送エージェント (MTA) bind DNS (Domain Name Syst em) サーバー apache インターネット上で最も一般的に使用されている Web サーバー mozilla Web ブラウザ [⴫ 1-1 㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ࠪࠬ࠹ࡓߢ૶↪ߐࠇࠆ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ] ߎߩࠃ߁ߦࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߢ㔚ሶࡔ࡯࡞ࠍ⋧ᚻߦㅍࠆߚ߼ߦޔⶄᢙߩࠪࠬ࠹ࡓ߇ ㅪ៤ߒߡⒿ௛ߒߡ޿ࠆޕߎߎߢᵈ⋡ߔߴ߈ὐߪޔ਄⸥ߦ᜼ߍߚ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߪోߡή ఘߢ೑↪ߢ߈ࠆὐߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩὐߪ WWW ߽ห᭽ߢ޽ࠆޕWeb ࠨ࡯ࡃߢ޽ࠆ Apache ߿ޔWeb ࡉ࡜࠙ࠩߢ޽ࠆࡑࠗࠢࡠ࠰ࡈ࠻ߩ Internet Explorer(IE)߿ࡀ࠶࠻ࠬࠤ࡯ࡊ 1 ࠦࡒࡘ࠾ࠤ࡯࡚ࠪࡦ࠭ߩ Netscape Navigator ߥߤ߽ήఘߢ೑↪ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ߎߩࠃ߁ߦήఘߩ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߪࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߩ਎⇇ߢߪᐢߊ૶ࠊࠇߡ޿ࠆ߇ޔ ߎࠇߦߪᄢ߈ߊಽߌߡᰴߩ㧞ߟߩ⒳㘃ߦಽ㘃ߔࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕ ߭ߣߟߪ IE ߥߤࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻਄ߢᵹㅢߔࠆᄙߊߩ໡↪࠰ࡈ࠻ߩࠃ߁ߦޔήఘឭ ଏߐࠇߡ޿ߡ߽ޔ೑↪ߦ೙㒢߇ߟߌࠄࠇߡ޿ߚࠅൎᚻߦᡷ⦟ߒߚࠅߔࠆߎߣߪߢ߈ߥ ޿࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߪࡈ࡝࡯㧔ήఘ㧕ߢ૶߃ࠆ߇ޔࡈ࡝࡯㧔⥄↱㧕ߦ૶߃ ߥ޿࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߢ޽ࠆޕ ߽߁৻ߟߪޔLinux ߿ Apache ߥߤߩࠃ߁ߦήఘߢᚻߦ޿ࠇࠄࠇࠆߎߣ߇ߢ߈ޔ೑ ↪߿ᡷ⦟߇⥄↱ߦߢ߈ࠆ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߢ޽ࠆޕߎࠇࠄߪࡈ࡝࡯㧔ήఘ㧕ߢ޽ࠅ߆ߟޔ ࡈ࡝࡯㧔⥄↱㧕ߦ೑↪ߢ߈ࠆ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩ․ᓽߪޔડᬺ߇⵾ຠߣߒߡ㐿 ⊒ߒߚ߽ߩߢߪߥߊޔ୘ੱ߿ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߣ๭߫ࠇࠆ᦭ᔒߩࠣ࡞࡯ ࡊ߇⥄⊒⊛ߦ㐿⊒ߒߡ޿ࠆ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߣ޿߁ὐߢ޽ࠆޕߎߩࠃ߁ߥᒻᘒߩ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ ࠚࠕߪࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ࠰࡯ࠬ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕ㧔OSS㧕ߣ๭߫ࠇߡ޿ࠆޕ OSS ߪࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߩ޽ࠄࠁࠆߣߎࠈߢᵴ↪ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆޕࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߪߔߢ ߦ␠ળߦߣߞߡਇนᰳߥ߽ߩߣ޿ߞߡࠃ޿ߛࠈ߁ޕߘߒߡᚒޘߪ OSS ߦࠃߞߡ᭴▽ ߐࠇߚࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ࠍߔߢߦᵴ↪ߒߡ޿ࠆߩߢ޽ࠆޕ OSS ߦߟ޿ߡ⺆ࠆߣ߈ޔࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ⋡߇ᅓࠊࠇ߇ߜߢ޽ࠆޕOSS ߇ࠝ࡯ࡊࡦ ࠰࡯ࠬ࡮ࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦࠃߞߡ㐿⊒ߐࠇޔߘߩሽ࿷߇ਇนᰳߥߎߣߪ⏕߆ߢ޽ࠆޕታ 㓙ߦ OSS ߦ㑐ߔࠆ⎇ⓥߩᄙߊߪࠦࡒࡘ࠾࠹ࠖߦ㊀ὐ߇߅߆ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߆(࡟ࠗࡕࡦ࠼ [1997])(ᧁ᧛[2000])ޔࡀ࠶࠻ࡢ࡯ࠢ਄ߩࡆࠫࡀࠬࡕ࠺࡞ߩⷞὐ߆ࠄᵴ↪ᣇᴺ߇ᬌ⸛ߐ ࠇߡ޿ࠆ߽ߩ(ᩮ᧪[1999])(࿡㗔[1999])߇ᄙ޿ޕ ߒ߆ߒ OSS ࠍ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߣ޿߁”⵾ຠ”ߩ߭ߣߟߢ߽޽ࠆޕࠗࡦ࠲࡯ࡀ࠶࠻ߩᄙ ߊ߇ OSS ߦࠃߞߡ᭴▽ߐࠇߡ޿ࠆ⃻⁁ࠍ⠨߃ࠇ߫ޔOSS ࠍ”⵾ຠ”ߣߒߡߤߩࠃ߁ߥ ࡊࡠ࠮ࠬߢ㐿⊒ߐࠇޔ⊒ዷߒߡ޿ߊ߆ߦߟ޿ߡᵈ⋡ߔࠆᔅⷐ߇޽ࠆߩߢߪߥ޿ߛࠈ߁ ߆ޕ 1-1-2 ᄢቇߣߩ㑐ࠊࠅ ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߪ⵾ຠߢ޽ࠆߣหᤨߦޔ࠰࡯ࠬࠦ࡯࠼ߣ޿߁⍮⼂ߩ㓸Ⓧߣ⠨߃ࠆߎߣ ߇ߢ߈ࠆޕઁߩ‛ℂ⊛ߥ⵾ຠޔߚߣ߃߫㔚ᯏ⵾ຠߥࠄ߫⸳⸘࿑ࠍరߦ᧚ᢱ߿ㇱຠࠍ㓸 ߼ߡ⚵ߺ┙ߡࠆߎߣߦࠃߞߡ⵾ຠࠍ⵾ㅧߔࠆޕߒ߆ߒޔ࠰ࡈ࠻࠙ࠚࠕߪ޿ࠊ߫࠰࡯ࠬ