Dr Dorothy A. Amwata SITUATIONALSouth Eastern Kenya ANALYS University, Kitui KenyaIS OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN KENYA Final Report By Dorothy A. Amwata, Ph.D [email protected] July 2020 With support from: TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ ii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... xii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Context ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology of the study ........................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 Data collection ......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Data analysis and integration ............................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Stakeholder engagement ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Limitations of the Study ........................................................................................................... 5 2.0 STATUS AND TRENDS OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR .......................................... 6 2.1 Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Status and Trends in Agriculture Sub-Sectors ................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Status and trends in crops subsector productivity ......................................................... 6 2.2.4 Landscape and agroforestry .............................................................................................. 26 2.2.5 Productive resources ........................................................................................................... 30 2.2.6 Gender and Agriculture in Kenya ................................................................................... 35 2.3 Constraints to Agricultural Development and Growth ................................................ 36 2.3.1 Global constraints ................................................................................................................ 36 2.3.2 Regional constraints ............................................................................................................ 37 2.3.3 National constraints ........................................................................................................ 37 3.0 IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURE AND ADAPTATION RESPONSE MEASURES ................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture Sub-sectors ............................................. 40 3.2.1 Crops sub- sector .................................................................................................................. 40 3.2.2 Livestock sub-sector ............................................................................................................ 46 3.2.3 Fisheries sub-sector ............................................................................................................. 47 3.2.4 Landscape and agroforestry .............................................................................................. 48 3.2.5 Productive resources ........................................................................................................... 54 3.3 Adaptation Measures being Undertaken ........................................................................... 56 4.0 ADAPTATION CO-BENEFITS AND MITIGATION POTENTIAL OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR ................................................................................................ 59 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 59 4.2 Mitigation Potential of the Agriculture Sub-sectors .................................................... 60 4.2.1 Crop sub-sector ..................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.2 Livestock subsector ............................................................................................................. 62 4.2.4 Landscapes and agroforestry ............................................................................................ 65 4.2.5 Productive resources ........................................................................................................... 67 4.3 Projects and Programmes in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation relevant to Agriculture .......................................................................................................................... 68 4.4 Capacity Building .................................................................................................................... 81 5.0 ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT....................................................................... 82 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 82 5.2 Global Frameworks ............................................................................................................... 82 5.2.1 UNFCCC and synergies with the other Rio Conventions (CBD and CCD) ....... 82 ii 5.2.2 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 83 5.2.3 Paris Agreement on Climate Change (PA) ................................................................... 84 5.3 Sustainable development goals (SDGs) ............................................................................ 86 5.4 Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) ............................................... 86 5.5 Regional Frameworks ............................................................................................................ 87 5.5.1 Continental level .................................................................................................................. 87 5.6 Sub-Regional Level (COMESA, IGAD and EAC) ....................................................... 88 5.6.1 The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) .................................. 88 5.6.2 The East African Community (EAC) ............................................................................ 89 5.6.3 The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) ................... 89 5.7 National Policies ...................................................................................................................... 90 5.7.1 Macro-economic policy framework ............................................................................... 90 5.8 Relevant Sectoral Policies ................................................................................................... 91 5.8.1 National Livestock Policy, 2008- Revised 2015 ........................................................ 91 5.8.2 Kenya Food and Nutrition Security Policy, 2012 ....................................................... 91 5.8.3 National Agricultural Research Systems Policy, 2012 ............................................. 92 5.8.4 National Oceans and Fisheries Policy, 2008 ............................................................... 92 5.8.5 Agricultural sector growth and Transformation strategy, 2018 ............................. 92 5.8.6 Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy 2017-2026 ............................................ 92 5.8.7 Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Framework Programme 2015-2030 .............. 93 5.8.8 Farm Forestry Rules, 2009 ................................................................................................ 93 5.9 National Climate Change Policies ..................................................................................... 93 5.9.1 National Climate Change Framework Policy, 2017 .................................................. 93 5.9.2 National Climate Finance Policy, 2018 ........................................................................ 93 5.9.3 National Climate Change Response Strategy, 2010 and Action Plan, 2012 ...... 94 5.9.4 Kenya National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 ............................................................... 94 5.9.5 Kenya’s Nationally Determined Contribution, 2016 ................................................. 94 5.9 Agriculture Flagship Projects ............................................................................................... 95 5.9.1 The National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme (NALEP)........ 95 5.9.2