Country Policy and Information Note Somalia: Majority clans and minority groups in south and central Somalia Version 2.0 June 2017 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country Information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. The inclusion of a source is not an endorsement of it or any views expressed. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve our material. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this note, please email the Country Policy and Information Team. Independent Advisory Group on Country Information The Independent Advisory Group on Country Information (IAGCI) was set up in March 2009 by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration to make recommendations to him about the content of the Home Office‘s COI material. The IAGCI welcomes feedback on the Home Office‘s COI material. It is not the function of the IAGCI to endorse any Home Office material, procedures or policy. IAGCI may be contacted at: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, 5th Floor, Globe House, 89 Eccleston Square, London, SW1V 1PN. Email: [email protected] Information about the IAGCI‘s work and a list of the COI documents which have been reviewed by the IAGCI can be found on the Independent Chief Inspector‘s website at http://icinspector.independent.gov.uk/country-information-reviews/ Page 2 of 37 Contents Policy guidance ........................................................................................................ 4 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Basis of claim ........................................................................................... 4 1.2 Points to note ........................................................................................... 4 2. Consideration of issues ................................................................................... 4 2.1 Credibility .................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Particular social group .............................................................................. 4 2.3 Assessment of risk ................................................................................... 5 2.4 Protection ................................................................................................. 7 2.5 Internal relocation ..................................................................................... 8 2.6 Certification .............................................................................................. 9 3. Policy summary ............................................................................................. 10 Country information ............................................................................................... 11 4. Clans and minority groups ............................................................................. 11 4.1 Clan system ............................................................................................ 11 4.2 Clan support and protection ................................................................... 13 4.3 Minority groups ....................................................................................... 16 5. State protection .............................................................................................. 18 5.1 Somali security forces ............................................................................ 18 5.2 Effectiveness of the security forces ........................................................ 20 5.3 Judiciary ................................................................................................. 21 5.4 Effectiveness of the judiciary .................................................................. 23 6. Treatment of majority clans ........................................................................... 25 7. Treatment of minority groups ......................................................................... 25 7.1 Human rights abuses against female members of minority groups ........ 25 7.2 Human rights abuses against minority groups ........................................ 26 7.3 Bantu (Jareer) ........................................................................................ 27 7.4 Bajuni ..................................................................................................... 29 7.5 Benadiri (including the Rer Hamar and Bravanese) ............................... 29 7.6 Midgan (Gabooye), Tuman, Yibir or Galgala .......................................... 32 8. Treatment of internally displaced persons (IDPs) .......................................... 33 Version control and contacts ................................................................................ 36 Page 3 of 37 Policy guidance Updated: 6 June 2017 1. Introduction 1.1 Basis of claim 1.1.1 Fear of persecution or serious harm by non-state actors on account of a person’s membership of a majority clan or minority group. 1.2 Points to note 1.2.1 This note is focused on south and central Somalia. Where needed, decision makers should seek advice on the treatment of major clans and minority groups in other areas of Somalia on a case-by-case basis. 1.2.2 The four majority clans in Somalia as a whole are the Darod, Hawiye, Isaaq and Dir. Two further clans, the Digil and Mirifle (collectively referred to as Rahanweyn), take an intermediate position between the majority clans and the minority groups. Minority groups are comprised of ethnic and religious minorities, and occupational/out-caste groups. The latter are of the same ethnicity as members of the majority clans (see Clan system). 1.2.3 The term ‘group’ can mean a particular dominant ethnicity associated with a geographical location or language, or could loosely mean a clan as in an alliance of separate descent groups living in the same cities. 1.2.4 Members of majority clans can be considered minorities where they live in an area mainly populated by other majority clans. Back to Contents 2. Consideration of issues 2.1 Credibility 2.1.1 For information on assessing credibility, see the Asylum Instruction on Assessing Credibility and Refugee Status. 2.1.2 Decision makers must also check if there has been a previous application for a UK visa or another form of leave. Asylum applications matched to visas should be investigated prior to the asylum interview (see the Asylum Instruction on Visa Matches, Asylum Claims from UK Visa Applicants). 2.1.3 Decision makers should also consider the need to conduct language analysis testing (see the Asylum Instruction on Language Analysis). Back to Contents 2.2 Particular social group 2.2.1 Clans and minority groups constitute particular social groups (PSGs) within the meaning of the Refugee Convention because they share an innate characteristic, or a common background that cannot be changed, or share a characteristic or belief that is so fundamental to their identity or conscience that they should not be forced to renounce it, and have a distinct identity which is perceived as being different by the surrounding society Page 4 of 37 2.2.2 Although clans and minority groups constitute PSGs, establishing such membership will not be sufficient to be recognised as a refugee. The question in each case is whether the particular person will face a real risk of persecution on account of their membership of such a group. 2.2.3 For further information and guidance on particular social groups, see the Asylum Instruction on Assessing Credibility and Refugee Status Back to Contents 2.3 Assessment of risk a. Majority clans 2.3.1 The clan system has changed in recent years and been undermined to varying degrees in different regions by the ongoing conflict, Al‑Shabaab introducing Sharia in place of xeer as a source of law, and by the declining influence of the traditional system of justice. This is particularly