European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies Vol.7, No.2, pp.42-54, March 2019 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) AN APPROACH TO REEVALUATING AND UNDERSTANDING CHEKHOV IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THEME, MOTIF, SYMBOL AND WRITING STYLE K.M. Jubair Uddin Lecture in English, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong- 4331 Bangladesh Md. Khurshedul Alam (Corresponding Author) Lecturer in English, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong- 4331, Bangladesh ABSTRACT: Anthon Chekhov can strikingly be marked out for his artistic ingenuity in composing his short stories imbued with cornucopia of ideas with pinpoint accuracy. He has amassed so many cutting edge ideas which represent the matter of opinions which can be often described as a sense of sentimental, emotive, equivocal, weird, funny, and even haunting and taunting . A gushing outlet of emotional intelligence and essence of life are found in Anthon Chekhov’s writing. Chekhovian short stories do not let the reader a solid message rather it caters to the readers to give room to extract the themes of the stories from abyss of twist and turn . Russian literature owes to Chekhov by large for he got the nerves of the Russian people and their turn of mind. His delineation of the characters is enshrouded in delicate touch and his dealings with the characters has an emollient tone. His experiential learning with the social maladies bounds him to present the scenario of decadent, corroding and worked-up society of Russia. His play with the word also contributes to the creation of the characterization more sharply and nicely. His words are woven into inviting creation with a single thread polished with fine texture. His plot is pregnant with comical references resulting in presenting the malaise of Russian society. Broadly speaking, his writing has always been the showcases of human characters and complexities of the world. KEYWORDS: Chekhov, Theme, Symbols, Motif, Characters, Writing Style INTRODUCTION The whole world should be taken aback with the talent of Anton Chekhov. Chekhov’s motif and characters of stories are of Russia but the themes are universal for they encompass all the aspects of human life. The person has excelled everybody in writing short story and has become a benchmark in the literary world. No other writer is as extensive , sharp and prying as he in decoding the human character .That’s why , the readers can perceive easily his lure from his huge writing . His stories act as a mirror of the then Russian society and he gave a voluminous account of all maladies and hardship he observed , experienced and suffered by large . He was successful enough in depicting such characters that were familiarly unfamiliar to the readers. His life saw the peak of Russian exuberance. He was saturated with heavy thought but blurted out little due to his unprovocative nature. He had feelings to Russian sense but he 42 Print ISSN: 2055-0138(Print), Online ISSN: 2055-0146(Online) European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies Vol.7, No.2, pp.42-54, March 2019 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) proceeded covertly to overt his thoughts. His description in the stories evoke imagery which has made the stories more pictorial and more picturesque about the pinpricks of Russia . Theme | Disease , Psychosis and Death Chekhov’s stories render open-ended and open -minded attitude all along the way. He seems to be on –trend to give the reader versatile ideas. The stories of Chekhov are teemed with the ideas of nerves, psychology and mental disorder. He says everyman suffer from psychotic disorder which is deterrent to his disposition and personality .Psychosis results from the accumulation of fear of death , paranoid, nervous breakdown due to social factors. In Chekhov’s writing, protagonists are afraid of death. I think , this is common for Chekhov to brew the idea of disease and constant nagging of death because of his nervous breaking point and deteriorating health due to tuberculosis. In many of his stories, including, The Grasshopper and The Black Monk(1894), disease is a corporeal expression of a character’s severe psychological deep-down. Mental and physical frailty have made him depressant and crippled which matches up with the theme of The Grasshopper (1891) . In The Grasshopper, the hero passes through a bleak life because his wife renders her to adultery . It raises a great surprise to a great question on the issue volatile mental within few seconds. In The Black Monk, M. Korvin who feels devastated for his close inspection on death . We observe that Chekhov here is alluding to a fact of unseen and unavoidable circumstances which is more significant than physical or mental disease. He also talks about transience of human beings and men’s helplessness to nature and men’s life is awfully doomed under the social stimulants where nobody can do anything.. Theme | Broken Dreams and Disillusionment Chekhov has plunged into a deep abyss at the bottom of the characters . He has extracted the relics of broken dreams and disillusionment. Desperation originates from complicated situation of the plot where characters are distracted from the stereotyped or bigoted idea to life and human beings. The characters do not discern in the beginning or mid-point but understand it ,at last , at the end of story. Chekhov plot seems to have taken the course of pyramid curve where the plot takes the ascending order through little agony to great tragedy .Over here , Chekhov is different to others for the reason that he did not overlook minor feelings of the characters .It is relevant to give example of The Night Before Easter Eve(1886) , we can find the trace of natural beauty, festivity , fantasy, serenity , mysticism , innocence . But Jerome’s heartening remarks with his realization as an ordinary has no place in the bounty of nature in the world seems to be pathetic . Here, inspite of sordid condition and ailing health , Chekhov’s fantasy for nature and natural objects has been presented nicely in the lines mentioned below. Lines like “At the water’s edge barrels of tar were flaring like huge camp fires. Their reflections, crimson as the rising moon…” and “The burning barrels lighted up their own smoke and the long shadows of men flitting about the fire…” helped give that impression. (Easter Eve ) His works deal with changing ideals and their impact on life of characters. The pathetic incident happens in case of Rabin’s confinement in prison in Ward No Six (1892) . We can find Rabin in Ward No. Six is dutiful and caring doctor who wanted to be a priest becomes indifferent 43 Print ISSN: 2055-0138(Print), Online ISSN: 2055-0146(Online) European Journal of English Language and Literature Studies Vol.7, No.2, pp.42-54, March 2019 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) to patient and sufferings of the patient have been overlooked by him for an idea that grows that “suffering leads man to perfection”. He has become agnostic from an empirical man. In My Life (1896) Misail abandons all hereditary honors to lead the life of a simple laborer. Change takes place for the worst in The Black Monk, when Yegor’s orchard is engulfed by emerging generation resulting in a complete wipeout. Chekhov was always a great critique to his society.He observed that men of principle do not get anything though they maintain values all along the way. In this respect, both Lyzhin and Lesnitsky are affected by social inequality, pessimism and desperation . Depression kills everybody because success was great to them like Seize the Day by Saul Bellow in American success . They want to measure their life through gains not ideals. Some frustrating statements echo in their life such as “ a better and in better style and with more freedom “. .Everyone in On official duty(1899) suffers from ‘ sick of life’. " age of nerves , "neurotics" and "egoists except the old man named Loshadin who is expected ardently by Leo Tolstoy in his writing . The old man works for value not for gains and comforts. Theme | Social Inequality , False Impression and Banalities of Life Chekhov also talks of false impression and social inequality and snobbery to life in his story .The highbrow and condescending attitude of socialite following the pricking sense of social status and free from social constraints with the use of conspicuous consumption have become an important factor in life .In the Grasshopper, we can find the affectation of snob ; just like Olga who pretends to be connoisseur and taste the trendy and arty and false vanities of life .On the other hand , her husband seems to be quite opposite to her taste and demand outwardly . As Osip states to his wife "I don't understand landscapes and operas”. This issue of contrariness brings conflict between husband and wife. But , in case of Osip, this is the conflict between internal and external forces. Osip is not showy but Olga does not understand. Nobody gives honor to value the person has. The world has fully ostentatious attitude. The story a bit accords with the theme of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot . As of social inequality ,Chekhov refers to a story named Oyster (1884) in where the writer upholds his position against social inequality, the story advances with father and a boy who is innocent and simple is bound to begging for social insecurity. The boy is hungry; hunger demoralizes human beings .I think, Chekhov , shows a connection between hunger and ugliness. The ugliness becomes more poignant by the prize of Oyster from the passerby.