VILLAGE RADICALS AND PEASANT I}ftfIGRAIiTS: TI{E SOCIAL ROOTS OF FACTIONALISM AlfONG iIKRATNTAN IIO{TGRANTS rN CANADA, r896-1918 A Thesís Presented To The Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research The UniversirY of Manitoba In Partlal Fulfilhnent of the Requlrements for Ehe Degree Master of Arts by Orest T. MartYnowYch L978 THT CANADIANIZATION OF THE UKRAiI.]iAN ]I4i''iiGP.ANT BY ORËST THOI{,AS I4,qRTYNOI{YCi] A dissertation submitted to tlre Faculty of Graduate studies of t[e Univcrsity of Manitobir iri prartiul fuifillnrer¡t of'the requirements of tlle desree of |'IASTER 0F ARTS o. 1978 Fer¡llission l¡;¡s lree¡ gr*ntctl to thc LlþltA[LV OF Tnf D UNåVUC{,- stTy oF MANlTOlrA to lcnd or sell copies of tlris e.åissertatis)eÌ, to the NAT'IONAL [-¡tsRARY OF (:AruAl)É. to micnt¡fil¡n tltis clissertaÊion and to lend or scll copics of tlte filnl, ¿¡nrl UNiVÐR.S[TV MICROFII,MS to pub!ish utr tbstract ol' tltis dissertation" Thc autl¡or sescrves oÈher publicutio¡r rights, an<J neitl¡er tl¡e disscrtation nor exte¡rsivc cxtn¿¡r.:ts from it nluy be prinÊed or Ðtlter' wise reproduced without t l¡c ¡rr¡tl¡slr"s writtçlt ¡rertttissir.xl' I arn :Lncle'bted io Ina.ny people wiro have Ìrelped ue in iì varj-e Ly of wa;rs, The li-brarians ancl ¿rirchivisls of the Provincr'-e,l Lib- llary and the Provincial A::chives of i{anitoba, the i'iaiional Libiary a.nd Pubì-ic Archives o f Canadau ihe Uni L.ed Church ltr- chives .at Vic t,oria CoIlege, Toronto, and bhe Slavic Collect- j-on at the Bl-izabeth Da.fõe Lì-brar-yr.Univo:rsity of l{a.itob.a" courteouS and irelpf¡l. Li-l'-e'¡;ise, t-he,libra.;rians uJere al-tua¡rs (0sei:edok) at ilre Ukiai nj-an Cul-tural ancr lllcjucatj,ona.ll Ccnire u \¡/i nn-j peLlz thc llkra jnian l'tra,1-j on¡;l- iTone, \Ti nnipe¡1, tile Ul<r'¡in- I,tJj-nnj-Frjilr j-¿rn nðat1i n¡¡ Associa.tion "PrOL:vj- l-arr, ¿rncl t--n" s t'af :f ¿lt Triden'l- Press, \rij-nnipc¡1, r,vere a1i¡¡eys an>lj-otr-s l-ç be o'fl ass-L sia.nc e o I'i.cn Rcnan i'I¿rl-anchufi o f the lìetv Yorli Ci i"v Publ -Lc 'i'i-b"* rarlr r âs r,ve-l-l aS Dr" Ì'4ykhaì-1o J"1¿-,r"unciraÌ-'r the Iì1,. Iìev" D'c' li' Sawäh¡k, i.he lal.e Rev" Tv¿¡.n Rober i, I(oval-eviicho and. I''lr. i'lykola 7,al ozetst<y, a1ì o f \¡/innj-Feg¡ l,vere kinrl enor-tgh to provi de Ïl'le with source rnaierials ivhl-ch' I coulcl not o l.herwise have obtain- ad Pro i'r:ssors J" lll" lle¿r an.d 0, 1I' Gerus ,joititl y supeir- vj-secì ì;he I'nesì.s, offerecl cncou.l.¿i$elIcnt, ¿r:-icì cl-Lsplayed c>ltra- o"Jir.ut'y pat.iencô and encìur¿:nce as ihe¡r rc¿'.i ancJ, conrilented thä iarj ous r¡ersj-ons o fl 'che wOrk, Dr* R' B. i1'IymasZ t'vaS llirld"po" enough tc reacl and colruent upon that ¡-'orr-Lon ':f bfLe sec- orlri cÌiapt.ðr ,,¡Ìlich ileal s v''i'i;h Uiçra:lnj ¿rn lieos:rnf immi-grarnts" The researcir for biris stttd-v tvas facilit-ated, in part, during the 197'3- by a Canacla Council Special- lul"A'.bravel Schola-r:sÌrrp 1g?4 acatlenj-c year, a.no, uy a grant from the Ju \r\/" Ewart Þlemoi:i al ftrnd i-n the auturnll of 1975" Ì.ieeO.less to SaYg I al-one arl respopsibÌe for ally f¿r'ul-Ls in i.his worl{o ASSTRACT Bet\,Jeen 1896 and 1918 the Ukrainian inrmlg¡¿¡g conrmunity in Canada became divided into four mutually antagonistíc caups. A1- though the Greek Catholic clergy, vrhich had exercised religlous, soclal and cultural hegemony over the majorfty of Ukrainian peas- ant inmigrants ín thefr homeland, managed to retain the allegiance of uost settlers, its leadership v/as challenged from wlthin the 1m-igrant community and lts authority undermined by Ukrainfan ad- vocates of protestant, socialist and nationalj-st orientations. The religious, polítical and ldeologíca1 divislons, which emerged w1Èhln the UkrainÍan immfgrant coumunity, traced their orlgins to developments wfthÍn the Ukrainian communfty in Gallcia and Buko- vyna, duríng the last two decades of the nineteenth century. In the two Habsburg provinces, especíally in Galicia, members of the Ukrainian Radical Party had challenged the hegemony of the Catholic clergy. In Canada divislons first appeared wlthin Èhe irnmigrant community when members of the vÍl1age intelligentsla, who had been infl-uenced by the Radical movement, attempEed to establish the l1fe of the Ukrainlan peasant immigrant masses on enlightened and ration- al foundations. In an effort to modernize the peasant immigrantsl Eradftlonal perceptfons, values and behaviour patterns, and 1n order to facflltate thelr integration into Canadian society on terms of equaltty, members of the vfllage íntelligentsia advocated evan- gelical protestantism, soclalist working class solldarity' and the cultlvation of a sense of UkraÍnian natlonal identity. Changes ln the social compositlon of Ehe Ukralnian lmmfgranÈ community, Roman Catholíc and Greek Catholl-c efforÈs to subordfnate the iumigrants to clerical authorlty, and Anglo-Celtfc effort.s to "Canadianlze" UkrainÍan Ímmlgrants through the Protestant Churches and the Public Schools, exacerbated differences among advocates of protestantisn, soctalfsm and nationallsm, and creaEed an unbrldgeable gulf beÈween the three factlons and the Cathollc clergy. By 1918 the Ukrainian community 1n Canada was fn a sËate of turmoil, as Ukrafnlan Greek Cathollc prlests, Ukrainfan Presbyterian ministers, Ukrainian Conrn- unists, and advocates of Ukrafnfan natlonalism, who had established the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church, struggled to retain or Èo cap- ture lhe alleglance of the lmmigrant masses. Thls turbulent state of affalrs, further complfcated by the emergence of ner,¡ factions during the inter-war perlod, lasted until- 1940, when iE was part- ially and inconclusively resolved by the creation of the Ukrainian Canadlan Cormnlttee. The thesis seeks to throv¡ soure light on Ehe origlns of these re1Íg1ous, polltical and ideological divisions whích f lrst emerged v¡lthin the Ukrainlan imnigranE coumuníty betr¿een 1896 and 19f8. ich..bc.g 5 Þc H- < d,ov \ z,a: ti t5- o >'. F. r- m¡øw A o Lc..i,.: ro ñ 6 1¡;oa')" rtc GALIc'^I (Lviv) ñ Z.Í 3 Fl oo { - lî) P Ê . H> Y^..n.rbo " ,t-- z. H \.o Mrnkacs Èii zcmowl L7- :B -. - \usTRrAÌi-;1+rv ì(q-,ä;;í"t i) -2. AU! è-ti r<ovr ¡¡n HCF ,'t ¡q:r-. ,i +' . øJÊ .þn ' ,! {-', .r...-.¡\.---'\. N CTT' FC o7j t c fr r'/ ' tr $Já Þ-t Â, tñ 1 I P ¡Jarus ¿tl"l]uro ( H . o'l=t{ o (k?.lo.stæ) " - Þl Ztl .e H Cì F'>>t \ oKo ¿ l .¡ Õl TRA,NSYLVANIA r' I rcJr: iris;--. :Eq of'"u"''"È -- ) o \uoi¡ i¡ d=hk" '--/ï.-''.i' cJ ¡ ¿-\--l . \l \ -ta::tl:\'(r rL Ka-hctñãÈ Þ æi- lcA -tlà!-u " i7 ¡- !\ 't!4ram\¿a3ï-'.- : (¡ F:. -- -\*.ì.. ìi;;, Ptr \ TJ,'"r,r.. i, H r'< @-Tuss 1¡* P'l AUST R IA N \O F< tsl tsÍ, ir H P.:-r-n-t-s ,Ç ,,/n \/*kir,*-'Jr^,\:.auoþg*fur *L *Z q 'z> LlTTOtrlÂL9 \lA Bãþ.odä rC FJ BOS sf {¡<.l ,< z. D a L - ñro> 1u x- F{ ,. .â SERB c') = ?7-o> BULG/\R, IA \lONTENÊGRO. u AUSTRIA-ÌIUNGARY, NATIONAL GIìOUI'S: Only national groups representÍng more than 50 percent of the pol)ulatiorì in a givcn Jrca ¿lrc slror''n on m;ìp. /t u) rl { içt L rLl àxi tU cf ) Ë;ì v) 11 rttrl vv l:.1r:-l TN IJ]T UA m lI ¡ h* \l ìl (1 la v', l! ¿ r4 r!¡ .¡ :: (¡ I'r ì rl tU { x! o s l¡J \; ! N qY q fr \) LJ q +'\jtf+1r- F-{l ri7 k\\ r¡ ü,.:4 t/À NN SN ++it- +++ f r,'.1 tl) t\J L) \-l lì +.6,\+ + + + /^\, ++L:++++ LT \\ . .."v, , -*lØ,à I ï .'r;;Ïl+++++++++ ç +++++++ì-+-+++++++ +++++++ +'++++++ t+ {++ -+^+'+ +- ,-) l¡,+++**-i z: T + +++++++ l;lr-+++++ T -l_ -t +++++++ ? lrlltrr+++* ++ + + +++++,++, l\ìv z lllllrll. + + + ++ + -t ,| o'rf-t.^.í'¡+ t; ffi + +++ {?*-l-:f't lr lrlllil l, fì t l:il1;lrF+ti{ T {:tîrìrnf= i\NflÑ êl llltliltt+{'r + + +-.f i$/.,.:l:::::::ì g+ a' + -r¡ 11i;.: . '."i' rlrlllï1t'lJl '¡J + +_.f +'^'.;_+r ir ñ \-i**s ;t;l 'It -a tl* | .t llr, ì ,( tiill t) {:. r¡ IM t SOUnCIi: ftobcrt .À. liann, Tll:i lrlll.TIl:^TTOìl^L :l I']IiÌ11: N^TlOli,,rl.1SM ¡Jì1) NATIONi\L REFORI'í IN TIIE HABSBURG IIONARCIIY 1848-19I8 (Ncw York: Coìumiria 40-41 . Univcrsi ty Press o 1950) , r, {CJ Fr tç- 2) /i \\ cr r,r trl ]tr ir l-ú T.2 tfl S]S Á lt ¿ iå- \ --v <{ :' t) (-) '- L rã A" l/ ,, <ru 11 ,-\'.' -' ca u 4a ã< r.r.){ -¡ '--r? ().n FT H (- e u Þt- "1t'l -'¡ l -' f'-1 H t0: F- w¡" > L/' /a t'. 1c) 4) uÞ-:>a tfl UI J= F q.1 c( \' g. m ô: t ü tì ul LJ] a\ ut SOURCE: Charles H . Young , TllE UKRÁIN IAl.¡ CANAD Itu\ S : STUDY I¡i ASSI}1I_ LATION (Toronro: Tiromas Nelson & Sons, l93l)' 72- TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE: THE ROOTS OF UKRAINTAN RADICALTSM IN GALICIA AND BUKOVYNA l0 FooLnot.es 53 CHAPTER TWO: THE ROOTS OF FACTIONALISM IN CANADA: PEASANT IMMIGRANTS AND TI{E VILI,AGE INTELLIGENTSÏA o-L Footnotes 1r0 .'PRESERVING CHAPTER THREE: THE FAITH'' : THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE VILLAGE INTELLIGENTSIA 123 Footnotes L69 CHAPTER FOUR: ''CANADIANIZING THE FOREIGNER'' : PRESBYTERIANS, THE PUBLIC SCHOOL AND THE VILLAGE INTELLIGENTSIA ]-78 FootnoEes 224 CHAPTER FIVE: MOULDING''NEW I'{EN'' : THREE STRATEGIES FOR CULTURAL MODERNIZATION ¿J4 FootnoËes 279 CONCLUSION 285 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAP}IY 296 INTRODUCTION During the three decades preceding 1920 over 170,000 Ukrainíans irnmigrated to Canada.