Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013 of the Climate State Rico’s Puerto Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013 of the Climate State Rico’s Puerto Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate a Changing in Vulnerabilities Social-Ecological Rico’s Puerto Assessing Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate a Changing in Vulnerabilities Social-Ecological Rico’s Puerto Assessing 2010-2013 Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program Department of Natural and Environmental Resources [email protected] PO Box 366147 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936 Telephone: 787-999-2200 ext. 2720 Fax: 787-999-2267 [email protected] pr-ccc.org (website) Temperature Precipitation Sea Level Storms Ocean Acidi�ication OCIADO AS DE E PU R E IB R L T O O D R A I T C S O E PROGRAMA DE MANEJO ZONA COSTERA Suggested Citation for the entire document: Puerto Rico Climate Change Council (PRCCC). 2013. Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate. Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. San Juan, PR. Suggested citation for individual chapters: Puerto Rico Climate Change Council (PRCCC) Working Group 1. 2013. Geophysical and Chemical Scientific Knowledge. WG1, 21 – 84. In Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate. Eds. Jacobs, K.R., A. Terando, E. Diaz. Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. San Juan, PR. Puerto Rico Climate Change Council (PRCCC) Working Group 2. 2013. Ecology and Biodiversity WG2, 85 – 250. In Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate. Eds. Jacobs, K.R., L. Carrubba, E. Diaz. Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. San Juan, PR. Puerto Rico Climate Change Council (PRCCC) Working Group 3. 2013. Society and Economy. WG3, 251 – 306. In Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013: Assessing Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate. Eds. Jacobs, K.R., L. Carrubba, E. Diaz. Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, NOAA Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. San Juan, PR. Cover photo credits: Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program This publication was funded in part through NOAA Grant NA11N054190162 Puerto Rico’s State of the Climate 2010-2013 CIADO AssessingASO DE Puerto Rico’s Social-Ecological E PU R E IB R L T O O D R A I T C S O E Vulnerabilities in a Changing Climate PROGRAMA DE MANEJO ZONA COSTERA PUERTO RICO CLIMATE CHANGE COUNCIL CONSEJO DE CAMBIOS CLIMÁTICOS DE PUERTO RICO PRCCC COLLABORATORS AND AFFILIATIONS Cándido Adorno Graham A. Castillo -Pagán, Esq. Dr.Puerto José Rico Alameda Emergency Lozada Management Agency SindulfoEstudios Técnicos,Castillo, P.E.Inc. Prof.University Félix ofAponte Puerto Rico – Mayagüez RupertoU.S. Army Chaparro Corps of Engineers University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras IsatisPuerto Cintrón Rico Sea Grant College Program Dr.Graduate Richard School S. Appeldoorn of Planning Dr.Enlace Jaime Latino Collazo de Acción Climática Dr.University Roy Armstrong of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.North Ricardo Carolina J. Colón-Rivera State University KatiaUniversity R. Avilés-Vázquez, of Puerto Rico –MS, Mayagüez Ph.D.c Texas A&M University Dr.Proyecto Maritza Enlace Barreto Caño Orta Martin Peña Spatial Sciences Laboratory Dr.Department Jorge Corredor of Ecosystem Science & Management Dr.University Jorge F. of Bauzá-Ortega Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.CariCOOS Jennifer Costanza Dr.San Conrado Juan Bay M.Estuary Calzada Program Cordero WandaNorth Carolina I. Crespo-Acevedo, State University PPL Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico Departamento de Biología-Programa de Ciencias MiguelAmbientales Canals Dr.Estudios Angel Técnicos, David Cruz Inc. Báez Dr.Department Miguel Canals of Natural Silander and Environmental Resources Dr.University José A. ofCruz-Burgos Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.U.S. David Fish and Cuevas Wildlife Service Dr.CariCOOS Jorge Capella U.S. EPA University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.Caribbean Elvira CuevasEnvironmental Viera Protection Division Dr.CariCOOS Carlos Carrero Morales University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras Dr.Puerto Lisamarie Rico Sea Carrubba Grant College Program Department of Biology Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and CarmeloConservation Dávila NOAA Fisheries JuanCaribbean A. Castañer, Field Office MA Department of Natural and Environmental Resources Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve Estudios Técnicos, Inc. Damaris Delgado López Dr. Jorge García Sais AnselmoDepartment De of Portu Natural and Environmental Resources SoledadUniversity Gaztambide of Puerto Rico Arandes – Mayagüez Department of Natural and Environmental Resources Environmental Policy and Government Relations Dr.Society Walter of Puerto Díaz Rico Planners Coordinator PedroConservation A. Gelabert Trust of Puerto Rico Dr.University Yasmin of Detrés Texas JorgeProfessional Gelpí Pagán Geologist CariCOOS ErnestoUniversity L. ofDíaz PuertoMS, Rico MEM – Mayagüez Dr.Wapa Fernando Television Gilbes Santaella , Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program University of Puerto Rico– Mayagüez Dr.Department Pedro L. ofDíaz Natural and Environmental Resources Center for Hemispherical Cooperation in Research and Education in Engineering and Applied Science Carmen(CoHemis) González AngelU.S. Geological Dieppa Survey – Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources Department of Natural and Environmental Resources Dr.Jobos William Bay National Gould Estuarine Research Reserve CarlosJobos Bay Diez National Estuarine Research Reserve International Institute of Tropical Forestry RaimundoDepartment Espinoza of Natural and Environmental Resources U.S. Forest Service Dr.Caribbean Yogani LandscapeGovender Conservation Cooperative MaríaThe Natural Falcón Conservancy – Puerto Rico Manager Science, Education and Public Policy Division Dr.GeoAmbiente Rusty Feagin del Caribe Dr.Conservation Rosana Grafals-Soto Trust of Puerto Rico Dr.Texas Denny A&M S. University Fernandez del Viso AstridUniversity Green of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras CarlosUniversity Fuller of Puerto Rico – Humacao CarmenDepartment Guerrero, of Natural PPL and Environmental Resources Dr.Caribbean Miguel Community García Climate Change Center Secretary of Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Dr.Environmental Katharine HayhoeResources LuisDepartment Garden of Acosta Natural and Environmental Resources Texas Tech University Dr.AtmosResearch Edwin A. Hernández Delgado Dr.El Puente Graciela García Moliner University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras NOAA Center for Applied Tropical Ecology and Caribbean Fisheries Management Council Conservation Dr. Victor Huérfano Moreno Nilda Luhring González, PhD KarlaPuerto Hevia, Rico Seismic PPL Network Sustainable Tourism Division OdalysPuerto RicoMartínez-Sánchez Tourism Company Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program KaseyDepartment R. Jacobs, of Natural MESc and Environmental Resources IsraelNOAA NationalMatos Weather Service Puerto Rico Coastal Zone Management Program Former Director of the NOAA National Weather Dr.Department Rafael L. of Joglar Natural and Environmental Resources MelissaService in Meléndez San Juan Oyola University of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.Department Michael Johanssonof Biology Dr.CariCOOS Rafael Méndez Tejeda Center for Disease Control and Prevention Prof.University Aurelio of Puerto Mercado Rico Irizarry – Carolina Dr.Dengue Nilda Branch M. Jimenez – San Juan Dr.University Pablo A. of Méndez Puerto Rico Lázaro – Mayagüez MaríaDepartment Juncos of Gautier Natural and Environmental Resources University of Puerto Rico – Medical Sciences Campus UMET Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo Graduate School of Public Health Sustentable RafaelDepartment Mojica of Environmental Health Dr.The Mark Climate R. JuryReality Project CarolinaNOAA National Morales Weather Gonzalez Service University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez Dr.Department Eddie Laboy of Physics Nieves Sustainable Tourism Division AlexisPuerto MolinaresRico Tourism Company (CIEMAD es) Puerto Rico Center for Environmental Studies and GlennSustainable Landers, Development P.E. Prof.Independent Julio M. Morell Dr.U.S. Javier Army CorpsLaureano of Engineers University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez EdwinCariCOOS Muñiz IvanSan Juan Llerandi-Roman Bay Estuary Program RafaelU.S. Fish Mojica and Wildlife Service Dr.U.S. Craig Fish and Lilyestrom Wildlife Service Dr.NOAA José National Molinelli Weather Service CarlaDepartment Loubriel, of Natural Esq. and Environmental Resources AdaUniversity Monzón of Puerto Rico – Rio Piedras Dr.Independent Ariel Lugo Lawyer Univision International Institute of Tropical Forestry U.S. Forest Service Roberto Moyano, MS Pedro Ríos Arq.Estudios Victor Técnicos, Nieto Inc. U.S. Forest Service MarelisaEl Yunque Rivera National