Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information HIGH-SPEED MARINE CRAFT This book details the efforts to build a large naval vessel capable of traveling at 100 knots. It is the first book to summarize this extensive work from historical and technical perspectives. It explores the unique principles and challenges in the design of high-speed marine craft. This volume explores different hull form concepts, requiring an under- standing of the four forces affecting the lift and the drag of the craft. The four forces covered are hydrostatic (buoyancy), hydrodynamic, aerostatic, and aerodynamic. This text will appeal to naval researchers, architects, graduate students, and historians, as well as others generally interested in naval architecture and propulsion. Peter Mantle’s long career as a naval architect and aerospace engineer includes positions as a Chief Engineer and Test Pilot for the first surface effect ship (an aerodynamic air cushion craft); Technical Director and Program Manager of the US Navy 100-ton displacement surface effect ship, “SES-100B,” that set a world speed record of 91.90 knots; Director of Technology Assessment, Office of Secretary of Navy (SECNAV), and Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) in The Pentagon for all R&D on aircraft, ships, submarines, missile systems and classified projects; Chairman, NATO Studies on Air, Land and Sea Battles; and Chairman, US Delegation to NATO Industrial Advisory Group, on defense matters for NATO. He is the author of numerous research articles and three books: A Technical Summary of Air Cushion Craft Development, Air Cushion Craft Development,andThe Missile Defense Equation: Factors for Decision Making. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information High-Speed Marine Craft ONE HUNDRED KNOTS AT SEA Peter J. Mantle © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107090415 © Peter J. Mantle 2015 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2015 Printed in the United States of America A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mantle, Peter J. High-speed marine craft : one hundred knots at sea / Peter J. Mantle. pages cm 1. Warships – Design and construction – History – 21st century. 2. Warships – Design and construction – History – 20th century. 3. Warships – United States – Technological innovations. 4. Ground-effect machines – United States – Design and construction. 5. Hydrofoil boats – United States – Design and construction. I. Title. II. Title: One hundred knots at sea. V800.M24 2015 623.825–dc23 2014048657 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information To Dr. Scott Carson Rethorst, who with his original work on the Surface Effect Ship “Columbia,” almost got us there to a practical one hundred knots at sea © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information Contents About the Author ................................ page xv Preface .........................................xvii Acknowledgments ................................... xxi 1 The Goal of One Hundred Knots . 1 1.1 A Brief Outline of the Key Types of Advanced Marine Vehicles . 2 1.1.1 Fundamental Types of Hydrofoils . 2 1.1.2 Fundamental Types of Air Cushion Craft . 7 Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Basic Form . ....... 8 Non-Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Basic Form ...... 10 Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft Basic Forms . ....... 14 Category A: Wing-in-Ground Effect ............ 15 Category B: Ram Wing . ................. 18 Category C: PAR Wing-in-Ground-Effect . ....... 20 Category D: Channel Flow Wing-in-Ground-Effect . 24 1.2 Main Marine Vehicles considered by the US Navy for High Speed 25 2 History of High Speed Ship Development. 27 2.1 One Hundred Knots Under What Conditions? . .......... 29 2.2 High Speed at Sea . ......................... 31 2.3 Brief History of Hydrofoils . ............... 34 2.4 Brief History of Air Cushion Craft . ............... 37 2.5 Modern Day Developments to Achieve One Hundred Knots .... 42 2.6 Early Developments (1916–1930) . ............... 46 2.6.1 Douglas Warner’s Captured Air Bubble (CAB) Boat (1929) . 46 2.7 Dr. William R. Bertelsen’s Hovercraft (1958+) . .......... 49 2.8 Sir Christopher Cockerell’s Developments (1955–1999) . ..... 50 2.9 Hovercraft Development Ltd Sidewall Hovercraft (1963+) ..... 52 2.10 Saunders-Roe Developments (1959–2000) ............... 53 2.11 US Navy Amphibious Air Cushion Craft Development (1965–today) 56 2.12 US Navy Developments in Sidehull SES (1960–1980) . ..... 59 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information viii Contents 2.13 The Joint MARAD and US Navy Program on Surface Effect Ships (1967–1970) . .............................. 61 2.14 US Navy Surface Effect Ship Program Office Developments (1969–1980) . .............................. 61 2.15 Postscript . .............................. 62 3 The First Surface Effect Ship . 64 3.1 Basic Theory of Channel Flow . ................... 65 3.2 The MARAD Surface Effect Ship “Columbia” ........... 69 3.3 MARAD Test Craft “VRC-1” ..................... 71 3.3.1 Bow Flap . 76 3.3.2 Center Channel Flap . 77 3.3.3 Rear Jet and Jet Flap . 78 3.4 Stability & Control Jets and Induced Drag Reduction Mechanism . 80 4 History of US Maritime Administration “Large Surface Effect Ship” Program . 86 4.1 Nuclear Ship N. S. Savannah ...................... 87 4.2 MARAD Hydrofoil Ship Denison Program ............. 89 4.3 MARADAerodynamic Surface Effect Ship (Columbia and VRC-1) Program .................................. 91 4.4 US Department of Commerce “Surface Effect Ships for Ocean Commerce (SESOC)” Study . ................... 92 4.4.1 Hydroskimmer . 94 4.4.2 Captured Air Bubble (CAB) . 95 4.4.3 Hydrokeel . 96 4.4.4 VRC Channel Flow . 98 4.4.5 Weiland Craft . 100 4.5 Booz-Allen and MARAD Designs for Surface Effect Ships . 101 4.5.1 Booz-Allen Adjustments to Candidate Designs . 101 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations of the SESOC Committee . 103 4.6.1 SESOC Conclusions and Recommendations on Channel Flow and CAB Concepts . 103 Aero-Hydro Dynamics and Control Panel Findings . 104 Speed, Resistance, and Seakeeping Panel Findings . 105 Propulsion Panel Findings . ................ 106 Hull Panel Findings . ..................... 106 Operations Panel Findings . ................ 108 4.7 SESOC Committee Conclusions and Recommendations . 108 4.8 Ongoing SES Experience While SESOC Committee Was Deliberating . ............................. 109 4.8.1 Amphibious Air Cushion Craft . 109 4.8.2 Non-Amphibious Air Cushion Craft . 113 British Sidewall Hovercraft . ................ 113 Soviet “Sidewall” Craft ..................... 115 4.8.3 Aerodynamic Air Cushion Craft . 116 Lippisch Wing-in-Ground-Effect Craft . ........... 117 Soviet Ekranoplan Development . ........... 118 4.9 MARAD Plans Post SESOC . ................... 119 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09041-5 - High-Speed Marine Craft: One Hundred Knots at Sea Peter J. Mantle Frontmatter More information Contents ix 5 History of US Navy “Large High Speed Surface Effect Ship” Program 121 5.1 MARAD and US Navy Schedules for 100 Knot SES . 122 5.2 Chronological History of 100 Knot SES Program . 123 5.3 Postscript ................................. 137 5.3.1 SESPO’s Designs for Larger SES in 50 knot Class . 142 5.3.2 “US Navy Successfully Meets All Objectives of High Speed SES” ........................... 145 5.4 Summary