Journal of Applied Life Sciences International 23(6): 1-14, 2020; Article no.JALSI.57849 ISSN: 2394-1103 Ethnozoological Knowledge and Local Perceptions about the Reintroduction of the North African Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus Linnaeus, 1858) in the Koutous, Niger Maïmounatou Ibrahim Mamadou1,2*, Abdoulaye Harouna3, Maman Kamal Abdou Habou1, Marie Petretto4 and Ali Mahamane1,5 1Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université de Diffa, BP: 78, Diffa, Niger. 2Sahara Conservation Fund, BP: 981 Niamey, Niger. 3Noé, BP: 338 Niamey, Niger. 4Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, SO21 1JH, UK. 5Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Abdou Moumouni, BP: 10662, Niamey, Niger. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author MIM the lead author of the article, developed the research protocol, collected field data and wrote the manuscript. Author AH gave methodological advice for carrying out this work and revised the manuscript. Author MKAH participated in the analyses of the manuscript. Authors MP and AM contributed in supervising the work and revised the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JALSI/2020/v23i630165 Editor(s): (1) Dr. J. Rodolfo Rendón Villalobos, National Polytechnic Institute, México. Reviewers: (1) Sugan Chand Meena, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, India. (2) Akongte Peter Njukang, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, University of Dschang, Cameroon. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57849 Received 11 April 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 18 June 2020 Published 30 June 2020 ABSTRACT The North African Ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus), also known as the red-necked ostrich, disappeared from Niger 15 years ago but preliminary work completed in 2011 has shown that the species has not vanished from the collective memory in the Koutous. Using a Participatory Action Research (PAR) approach, this study combines the results of questionnaire surveys and local market monitoring conducted between October 2017 and January 2020, in order to document the _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Mamadou et al.; JALSI, 23(6): 1-14, 2020; Article no.JALSI.57849 ethnozoological knowledge of the communities living in the surroundings of the ostrich breeding centre of Kellé (Zinder). It fits within the wider framework of the species reintroduction program. A total of 120 people were interviewed individually to evaluate their knowledge about the species and their opinion about its possible return in the Koutous. The results emphasized that the ostriches were mainly sources of food (meat or eggs) and traditional medicines (topical pain killers), and to a lesser extent, of ornament objects. Additionally, wildlife products trade still occurs in three of the four weekly markets monitored and one stallholder still had an ostrich bone to sell. Entailing either animal hunting or disturbance, these uses could represent limiting factors to the re-establishment of wild populations. No mention was made of cultural, natural or religious heritage or source of incomes, suggesting the value was limited to subsistence. However, with eight usable products listed, the value of a single animal is relatively high since it can fulfil various demands. Most of the interviewees had limited knowledge about the species’ ecology but they anticipated a lack of suitable habitat. No other cause than lack of water (low rainfall, climate change, desertification...), habitat encroachment by human activities (urbanisation and agriculture) and hunting was thought to have caused the extinction. Habitat restoration was indeed the most-cited prerequisite for successful restoration of wild populations; however the need to ensure the animals’ security (fences, patrols, regulations, anti-poaching campaigns...) was also put forward. The confidence rate in the reintroduction initiatives was mitigated: none of the people interviewed was confident it would be a success in the current context but 56.66% of them were optimistic if preliminary requirements are met. The interpretation of the answers to the open-ended questions suggests underlying risks of illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict but the request for public awareness campaigns and regulations gives hope for the return of free-ranging North-African ostriches in the future. This study provides key baseline data about the local communities’ perception of ostrich conservation and key elements in a Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) approach (also known as “Méthode Active de Recherche et Planification Participative” - MARP) in any conservation project. In particular, this work will contribute to the development of feasibility plan for future North African ostrich reintroduction in the Koutous. Keywords: Struthio camelus camelus, uses, perception, reintroduction, Koutous, Niger, Participatory Action Research (PRA). 1. INTRODUCTION The North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus), also known as the "red-necked The human-wildlife interactions underlie the ostrich", is a wild subspecies of ostrich that was hunter-gatherer cultures and are vital for the once widespread throughout Sahelo-Saharan subsistence of many communities worldwide Africa [10] and was widely used for its nutritional, [1,2]. Whilst the exploitation and consumption of therapeutic and other traditional virtues [11]. A wild animals vary with the natural conditions, combination of anthropogenic and natural resources availability and food preferences in pressures is thought to have led to its each country, the bushmeat remains the main, if extinction in Niger in early 2000 [12]. As a not the only source of protein for thousands of consequence, a national strategy established people in Africa [3,4]. The volumes actually since 2009 aims to the return of this giant consumed are difficult to evaluate, but the flightless bird [13,14]. practice yields important socio-economic benefits for the studied populations [5,6,7]. Consequently, To our knowledge, there is no background socio-cultural issues play an important role in the information on how it was perceived when it was sustainability of non-timber forest products still populating the Niger steppes and (NTFP) and cannot be overlooked when planning consequently, the cultural, economic and social the reintroduction of a game species [8]. Where values of this animal have never been evaluated, the evidence bases are weak, perception though their understanding is crucial for wildlife surveys can be useful to test policy assumptions restoration [15,16,17,18]. The ethnozoology is an and in some circumstances, this could be an emerging discipline focusing on the variety of effective tool to deconstruct under-evidenced past and present interactions between human stereotypes [9]. cultures and the regional fauna [19]. 2 Mamadou et al.; JALSI, 23(6): 1-14, 2020; Article no.JALSI.57849 The last wild ostrich died 15 years ago [12], but approach was initially selected, but rapidly even if there are few witnesses of this time of people came and present themselves to talk coexistence, this ecological knowledge was about the time when ostriches were free-ranging. passed down through generations as oral It came out that most of people older than 55 folklore. Our study aims to assess and years have seen wild ostriches. This animal is characterize the ethnozoological knowledge of also part of several tales [25,26] and therefore the ostrich in the Koutous (Niger) so that it can persists in the local culture. In summary, the be valued for conservation purposes [20]. A preliminary results describe the ostriches as shy combination of interviews and surveys produces but possibly aggressive animals that do not pose information about: (a) knowledge (e.g. levels of problem to crops but could steal millet in ecological awareness and understanding); (b) women’s harvest basket: keeping them away experiences (e.g. in regards to possible may require the intervention of the men. conflicts); (c) beliefs and values (e.g. beliefs of therapeutic value and levels of tolerance of 2.2 Collection of Data resource spoliation); (d) attitudes and opinions (e.g. views of wildlife restoration); and (e) Building on the exploratory data, a quantitative expectations (e.g. fears and hopes) [9]. research survey was designed to evaluate the current perception about ostrich within the 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS communities living in the area targeted for reintroduction. In October 2017 and June-July 2.1 Study Sites and Local Communities 2018, 10% of the total population of the four study sites, i.e. 120 adults, have been The investigations were carried out in October interviewed face-to-face using a structured open- 2017, June-July 2018 and January 2020 in four ended questionnaire, regardless of their gender, localities of the Koutous, an area of Sahelian age, ethnicity or social background. In each of steppes in the department of Gouré (Zinder, the four villages, 30 adults randomly selected Niger) where annual plants dominate (Fig. 1). were asked to express (1) their factual There is a great Sahelian human diversity in the knowledge about the possible uses of the ostrich Koutous since small-scale agriculture tribes such and the plant species that the ostriches would as the Dagras (sub-group of Hausa) and the feed on, and (2) their