Data Collection Survey on Improvement of Environment in Varanasi City, Republic of India Final Report (Main Report) City, Varanasi in of Environment Data Collection Survey on Improvement Republic of India Data Collection Survey on Improvement of Environment in Varanasi City, Republic of India Final Report (Main Report) February 2016 February 2016 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Kokusai Kogyo Co., Ltd. Sewerage Business Management Centre GE JR 16-032 3 英文Main 115447.240803.28.2.17 作業；047 Exchange Rate (As of July 2015) 1INR = JPY 1.927, 1INR＝US$ 0.016 Contents 1 Outline of Survey ............................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Study Purpose .................................................................................. 1-1 1.3 Target Study Area ........................................................................... 1-1 1.4 Members of the Study Team ........................................................... 1-2 1.5 Study Schedule ................................................................................ 1-3 1.6 Study Method .................................................................................. 1-3 2 Overview of Study Area in Varanasi................................................. 2-1 2.1 Location of Study Area ................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Climate ............................................................................................ 2-2 2.3 Population of Study Area ................................................................ 2-3 2.4 River and Drainage .......................................................................... 2-3 2.5 Major Industries .............................................................................. 2-4 2.6 Major Landmarks ............................................................................ 2-5 2.7 Income Level ................................................................................... 2-5 3 Legal Framework for Environmental Management ......................... 3-1 3.1 Legal Framework and Major Policies for Environmental Management .................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Laws and Regulations for Environmental Management .......................... 3-1 3.1.2 National Policies and Programs ............................................................... 3-2 3.1.3 Individual Laws and Regulations ............................................................. 3-4 3.2 Institutional Framework and Organizations for Environmental Management .................................................................................... 3-6 3.2.1 Institutional Framework ........................................................................... 3-6 3.2.2 Structure and Functions of Major Institutions in Urban Areas ................ 3-7 3.2.3 Structure and Functions of Major Institutions in Rural Areas ............... 3-16 4 Water and Sanitation Status in Varanasi ......................................... 4-1 4.1 Water Supply ................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Water Sources .......................................................................................... 4-2 4.1.2 Water Treatment System.......................................................................... 4-2 4.1.3 Water Storage System .............................................................................. 4-4 4.1.4 Water Supply System ............................................................................... 4-5 4.1.5 Pipe Connection to Individual household ................................................ 4-5 4.1.6 Financial Condition of Water Supply ...................................................... 4-6 i 4.1.7 Non Revenue Water ................................................................................. 4-8 4.1.8 Future Water Demand .............................................................................. 4-9 4.1.9 Key Issues ................................................................................................ 4-9 4.2 Sewerage ....................................................................................... 4-10 4.2.1 Wastewater Generation Amount ............................................................ 4-10 4.2.2 Storm Water ........................................................................................... 4-11 4.2.3 Current Sewerage System ...................................................................... 4-12 4.2.4 Sewerage Treatment Plant ..................................................................... 4-14 4.2.5 Structure and Function of Institutions .................................................... 4-25 4.2.6 Future Development Plans ..................................................................... 4-29 4.2.7 Septage Management ............................................................................. 4-30 4.2.8 Key Issues .............................................................................................. 4-30 4.3 Solid Waste Management .............................................................. 4-31 4.3.1 Waste Generation and Waste Composition ........................................... 4-32 4.3.2 Waste Discharge .................................................................................... 4-33 4.3.3 Collection and Transportation ................................................................ 4-35 4.3.4 Final Disposal ........................................................................................ 4-38 4.3.5 Processing Unit ...................................................................................... 4-41 4.3.6 Organizational Structure and Financial Status ....................................... 4-42 4.3.7 Service Level Benchmark for SWM ...................................................... 4-45 4.3.8 Estimation of waste amount to be generated in Varanasi City .............. 4-46 4.3.9 Major Issues Identified .......................................................................... 4-46 4.4 Sanitation Facility Management .................................................... 4-47 4.4.1 Household Latrines ................................................................................ 4-47 4.4.2 Development of Public Toilets .............................................................. 4-49 4.4.3 Toilet Facilities in School ...................................................................... 4-53 4.4.4 Septage Management ............................................................................. 4-54 4.4.5 Key Issues .............................................................................................. 4-54 5 Activities of International Donors .................................................... 5-1 5.1 JICA ................................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Activities of Other International Donors ......................................... 5-3 6 Public and Institutional Opinion Surveys ........................................ 6-1 6.1 Public Opinion Survey (POS) ......................................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Outline of the Survey Areas and the Survey Schedule ............................ 6-1 6.1.2 Varanasi Municipal Corporation (VMC) ................................................. 6-1 6.1.3 Ram Nagar Municipal Board (RNMB) .................................................. 6-13 6.1.4 Gram Panchayats ................................................................................... 6-23 6.2 Institutional Opinion Survey (IOS) ............................................... 6-33 ii 6.2.1 Outline of the Survey Areas and the Survey Schedule .......................... 6-33 6.2.2 Survey Results ....................................................................................... 6-33 6.3 Summary of Public Opinion Survey ............................................. 6-35 6.3.1 Peoples’ Perceptions of Environmental Problems ................................. 6-35 6.3.2 Water Supply and Wastewater Management ......................................... 6-36 6.3.3 Solid Waste Management ...................................................................... 6-37 6.3.4 Sanitation Facilities ................................................................................ 6-40 6.3.5 IEC Activities ........................................................................................ 6-43 6.3.6 Overall Findings .................................................................................... 6-43 7 Direction of JICA’s Future Cooperation ........................................... 7-1 7.1 Issues to Be Considered in Forming Cooperation Plans ................. 7-1 7.2 Sanitation and Environmental Challenges Faced by Local Authorities ......................................................................................................... 7-3 7.3 Proposal of Cooperation Plan .......................................................... 7-7 【ANNEX】 ANNEX A Questionnaire and Results of Public and Institutional Opinion Surveys ANNEX B Draft Application Form for Future Technical Cooperation Project iii List of Tables Table 1-1 Study team members ............................................................................................. 1-2 Table 1-2 Data collected in the first preparatory work .........................................................