II-3 Social Structural Survey SOCIAL STRUCTURE SURVEY REPORT JULY, 2001 JICA Study Team ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) for entrusting us to process and analyze the data and prepare this report. Mr. Amod Mani Dixit, General Secretary, NSET and Ms. Tomoko Shaw, JICA study team member deserve our special appreciation for their professional advice and continuous support. We would also like to thank Mr. Shiva Bahadur Pradhanang, Chairperson of NSET and Mr. Mahesh Nakarmi, Project Manager NSET for providing us insights of the project. Mr. Surya Bhakta Sangachhe deserves appreciation for providing characteristics of different study clusters. The field survey and personal interviews were conducted by the surveyors from the Media Point Nepal under the guidance of Mr. Sri Ram Singh Basnet and Mahesh Nakarmi and we duly acknowledge their contributions. The officials of Disaster Management Committee, Ward No. 34 of KMC and Ward Chairman Mr. Gyan Bahadur Nyaichhen, Ward No. 17 of Bhaktapur Municipality are also duly acknowledged for their invaluable cooperation in arranging Focus Group Meetings. We would also like to express our respect to and acknowledge the cooperation provided to us by two senior citizens as key informants: Mr. Niranjan Narayan Dhaubadel (80 years) and Bhakti Bahadur Acharya (89 years) for sharing their experience on the great earthquake of 1934. The help of Mr. Tejeswor Babu Gongoh of Bhaktapur and Sheetal Rana and Lagan Rai of Lalitpur are also duly acknowledged for their assistance in identifying these key informants. We greatly appreciate the moral support, patience and company of Mr. Fumio Kaneko, Deputy Team Leader during the study. Mr. Dinesh Rajbhandari's assistance as Computer Analyst is duly acknowledged. Last but not the least, assistance provided by all the households who shared their viewpoints through personal interviews and participants of focus group meeting are also acknowledged. Dr. Kailash Pyakuryal, has prepared this report and Uday Sthapit helped in secretarial service, their contributions are greatly recognized. i Kathmandu Earthquake - Social Structure Survey Report TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... I STUDY TEAM..........................................................................................................................III TABLE OF CONTENTS.........................................................................................................IV LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................VI ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................IX I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objective and Scope..............................................................................................................................1 II. Approach and Methodology.................................................................................................2 2.1 Survey Design & Sample Size...............................................................................................................2 2.2 Selection of the Area/ Clustering...........................................................................................................2 2.3 Scale Construction & Scaling................................................................................................................4 2.4 Data Collection Techniques...................................................................................................................5 2.5 Data Analysis.........................................................................................................................................5 2.6 Limitations.............................................................................................................................................5 III. Socio-Economic Profile of Kathmandu Residents ............................................................6 3.1 Household Profile..................................................................................................................................6 3.2 Employment, Income, Consumption and Expenditure Patterns ............................................................7 3.3 Community Organization, Religion and Culture.................................................................................15 IV. Risk and Preparedness ......................................................................................................18 4.1 Space and Lifestyle..............................................................................................................................18 4.2 Risk Perception and Mitigation ...........................................................................................................20 4.3 Facilities at Hand.................................................................................................................................26 4.4 Improvement Needs and Mitigation Potentials ...................................................................................29 V. City Structure.......................................................................................................................33 5.1 Overview of the Land use in Kathmandu Valley.................................................................................33 5.2. General Characteristics and City development....................................................................................34 VI. Social Cohesion and Mutuality..........................................................................................39 6.1. Guthi- A Community Based Organization ..........................................................................................39 6.2. Guthi- Among the Newars..................................................................................................................40 6.3 Possibilities of Promoting CBOs in New Development Areas............................................................42 6.4 Towards Building a Participatory Mitigation Plan - A search for possibilities. ..................................44 VII. Disaster Experience............................................................................................................46 7.1. Document Analysis: ............................................................................................................................46 7.1.1. Rana,Brahma Shamsher 1936. The Great Earthquake of 1934 (in Nepali)......................................................... 46 7.1.2. Fujiwara, et. al.; 1989. Reconnaissance Report ................................................................................................... 49 7.1.3. Gupta, Satyendra P. 1989. Eastern Nepal Earthquake 21 August, 1988 ............................................................. 54 7.1.4. Niranjan Thapa, 1989. Earthquake of 1988 (in Nepali) ....................................................................................... 58 7.1.5. Report on Flood Rehabilitation & Management Program, Flood Reconnaissance Team, February, 1994.......... 60 7.1.6. Oi, Hidetomi and et. al 1995; Suffering of people and problems of communities in the aftermath of Disaster.. 60 7.2. Expressions from the Focus Group Meetings......................................................................................65 Baneswore, Ward No. 34, KMC:............................................................................................................... 65 Ward 34 Disaster Management Committee (DMC), KMC ....................................................................... 66 Bhaktapur, Ward No. 17............................................................................................................................ 71 7.3 What have the Survivors of Great Earthquake of 1934 to Say? ..........................................................73 iv Kathmandu Earthquake - Social Structure Survey Report VIII. Association of Selected Variables ....................................................................................76 Cross- tabulations...............................................................................................................................76 8.1. Ethnic Group and Group Affiliation....................................................................................................76 8.2. Group and Occasion of Meeting..........................................................................................................76 8.3. Level of Education and Retrofitting ....................................................................................................77 8.4. Level of Income and Cost-Sharing......................................................................................................77 8.5. Level of Education and Perception of Earthquake ..............................................................................78 8.6.