17.English Texts_13_English Texts 21/11/11 10.12 Pagina 170 170 ENGLISH TEXTS TITLE OF THE ISSUE Studies on Italian Architecture of the Twentieth Century EDITORIAL In an era without memory, that easily accepts rapid infatuations and equally sudden abandonment, Marcello In 2006, when Marcelo Rebecchini (who created this cultivated memory even at the risk of resembling a magazine, together with Giuseppe Nicolosi, Edoardo conservative. Instead, he was curious to understand. Salzano and Umberto De Martino, almost 50 years ago) Though he was also severe in his criticism of those who decided, regretfully, to end his university teaching career “for praise form as an end in itself, self-satisfied theorisers of a having reached the maximum age limit”, there was one thing that fantastic, eccentric architecture, openly ignoring reality and a subtly gnawed at him, a sort of regret, a future nostalgia, a its problems. In these figures he saw the refusal of any sensation that he defined with a smile and almost ethical involvement. apologetically as “inconvenient”: it was the sensation of one Not by accident he greatly admired Stendhal; his was an who fears, during the passage of testimony, that he has not antique admiration, almost adolescent, from his high school done enough to leave at least “some sign”, a “tangible years. A passion cultivated throughout his entire life. His record” of his passage, something that continues to speak last book, dedicated to Stendhal, was published of the school as it was once and as he experienced it, the posthumously. lessons he learned, the discipline that he cultivated and As Stendhal was not an admirer of the Baroque and transmitted for so many years. Rococo, Marcello Rebecchini did not admire a certain Now that Marcello, in the wake of his passing, has also left acquiescence in contemporary architecture towards caprice. Rassegna, and with each of us deprived of his gentle and With Sciascia he repeated that the romantics worthy of rigorous style and his measured words, that sign appears so admiration are those with a classical sprit. clear, sharp and enduring, that we have difficulty in In addition to uniting form and contents within an ever comprehending his apprehensions; his approach was so more advanced synthesis, architecture, for Marcello, could evident and his path so straight, faithfully annotated case- permit itself a distinction between ethics and aesthetics, by-case in Rassegna, similar to a captain’s log from a journey between utility and beauty. Instead ethics is (or must be) the that proved, year after year, to be much more challenging catalyst, that which brings meaning, a lasting perspective, to than it may have appeared at the moment when it began. design. And beauty must be a complement to the useful. “Little enthusiasm on our part for change and the Ethics – he repeated to those of us younger than he, and avoidance of risks and leaps into the unknown? Perhaps, more inclined not to underestimate the theme of but in so doing Rassegna avoided being shipwrecked and architectural design as a work of art – is what makes it true, held its course in stormy seas, even if on many occasions it what allows it to adhere to a concrete need: “Architecture is was not so easy to navigate in the dark, in the presence of more important for living than for representation. It is an lighthouses whose beams appeared and disappeared along the intellectual game that can only be justified through its horizon like fatuous fires”, he himself wrote in 2005 in originality and intelligence, because it always and in any case occasion of the magazine’s fortieth anniversary. has a social cost”. The fear of confusing the light of a safe harbour with the Memory – he added – is that which gives meaning, it is a vain and inconsistent calling of an impromptu bonfire touchstone. It is that which measures what will remain. It is obsessed him. Marcello never believed in the culture of the that which allows us to better enjoy and understand the era ephemeral. Hence he was always wary of passing trends. in which we live: “We look to the past with a gaze that His North Star never wavered. He was constantly guided by perhaps differs from that of the pure historian, while at the a sole conviction: that architecture must never prescinds same time we observe the present without being overrun by from its function, that it can never choose the path of the the heat of the moment. We believe that an opinion will be irrational, of costly intuition, solely for the desire to put clearer and more lucid when, through an awareness of itself on display, perhaps employing astonishing forms. He history, which is culture, it manages to capture the remained of the conviction that, having overcome the initial significance of events, avoiding the deformations that attraction, society would soon become annoyed by works of without fail accompany passing trends and fashions. It is architecture incapable of fully performing their duties, by a evident that maintaining the balance between an fragile and ephemeral aesthetic detached from ethics. And involvement in the present that is urgent and equally risks that the applause would soon give way to manifestations of submerging us in the contingent, and a detached position dissent for so much costly uselessness. that allows us a vision from above through the filter of a He stubbornly refused to abandon this principle, claiming culture with its autonomous ends is not simple, nor in many instead with marked determination, in the face of what cases is it appreciated. However, in this lies our effort and appeared to him as formalist evasions, an unwavering faith with the correct level of modesty we may enjoy some in what for him was the very foundation of any foundation: success”. that in architecture, as in any language, there is no form This issue, published only a few months after Marcello’s without content; to the same degree that there are no passing, and which preannounces an issue dedicated to him, contents without form. presents a series of essays on Italian architecture; seeking Form – Nicolosi taught him – is “the hard-fought result of amongst the folds of the recent past the sense of a lesson (in part lost) to be recovered and passed on. a path”, of a “process of sublimation”, of a “tenacious Because, in the end, this was always the intention of act”. Form is the aesthetic synthesis of contents. In an era Rassegna. To understand what would remain. that appears to have lost control of both the one and the M.A. other, this was and remains the problem. It resides in the object of this synthesis that for Marcello Rebecchini was one thing above all: the human domain. 17.English Texts_13_English Texts 24/11/11 15.32 Pagina 171 ENGLISH TEXTS 171 DEBATE The Discontinuity-Continuity between belong to the less known period of Muratori’s work, though they have several original features and prove to be particularly Marcello Piacentini and Ludovico Quaroni important for the future developments of his planning and Antonino Terranova theoretical research. Often carried out on his own and mostly remained on paper The essay analyses the discontinuity-continuity between only, these projects, temporally, take their place between the Marcello Piacentini and Ludovico Quaroni who, under his most known early works, carried out in collaboration with guidance, wrote L’architettura delle città (The Architecture of Ludovico Quaroni and Francesco Fariello, and the so called Cities) and realised, with others, the Piazza Imperiale at the works of maturity. E42 [the EUR in Rome – TN], only to reappear after the War The study of this phase of Muratori’s planning activity allows with the neorealism of the Tiburtino neighbourhood. us both to read the specificity of his contribution to the The privileged themes, often common and very Italian, rotate works, previously carried out in collaboration with the team, around the urban project (which Piacentini defined as Edilizia and to identify the evolutionary lines of following Cittadina (City Construction) and Quaroni, later, as Town experimentations. Design), are applied to the relationship between Monuments This also goes for the 1940s theoretical research, since it, and the fabrics of the city (that Quaroni would attribute to the subsequent to the occasional writings of the beginnings, leads notion of a city that was social as well as physical). The means, the way to that organic body of critical-practical essays of the however, are radically different. 1960s. At the outset Piacentini realised the centre of the lower city of Exactly these experiences, which represent the link between Bergamo, later becoming the protagonist of a fascist the activity of the young Muratori, curious and updated revolution involving Rome and including the mythisation of planner, and the one of the postwar Muratori, severe critic of monumental Roman-ness through strategic works and plans – modern culture, provide occasion to investigate the from the Garbatella to the Città universitaria to the E42 – as well problematic nature of the Italian architectural culture in the as buildings and grandiose urban spaces in various cities. half of 20th century and its subsequent developments. What is more, he led the affirmation of an original and moderated Modernism, whose anti-naturalism grew from Novecento to a true Stile littorio (Fascist style). Francesco Fariello: the educational path Quaroni, after the E42 and his imprisonment in India, returned with an interest for social urbanism – from the of an architect exhibition La città dell’uomo (The City of Man) with Giancarlo De Carlo to the Comunità ideale (Ideal Community) with Francesca Sarno Adriano Olivetti – and with an experimentalism that ranged from neorealism to critical rationalism, applying himself above The name of Francesco Fariello is strictly linked to the all to designing low cost housing projects, which comprised the fellowship with Muratori and Quaroni which started in 1933 majority of urban planning during the Italian post-war period.