Pneumoviruses and Metapneumoviruses Edited by Helene F. Rosenberg & Joseph B. Domachowske Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Viruses www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses Helene F. Rosenberg and Joseph B. Domachowske (Eds.) Pneumoviruses and Metapneumoviruses This book is a reprint of the special issue that appeared in the online open access journal Viruses (ISSN 1999-4915) in 2013 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/viruses/special_issues/pneumoviruses_metapneumoviruses). Guest Editors Helene F. Rosenberg National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Bethesda, MD, USA Joseph B. Domachowske SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, NY, USA Editorial Office MDPI AG Klybeckstrasse 64 Basel, Switzerland Publisher Shu-Kun Lin Production Editor Matthias Burkhalter 1. Edition 2013 MDPI • Basel • Beijing ISBN 978-3-03842-049-1 © 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. All articles in this volume are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. However, the dissemination and distribution of copies of this book as a whole is restricted to MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................................................................................vii 1. General Review Lenneke E. M. Haas, Steven F. T. Thijsen, Leontine van Elden and Karen A. Heemstra Human Metapneumovirus in Adults......................................................................................................... 1 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(1), 87-110; doi:10.3390/v501008 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/1/87 2. Experimental Models and Methods Rachel J. Derscheid and Mark R. Ackermann Perinatal Lamb Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection .............................................. 26 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(10), 2359-2378; doi:10.3390/v4102359 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/10/2359 Randy E. Sacco, Jodi L. McGill, Mitchell V. Palmer, John D. Lippolis, Timothy A. Reinhardt and Brian J. Nonnecke Neonatal Calf Infection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Drawing Parallels to the Disease in Human Infants ........................................................................................................................................ 47 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3731-3753; doi:10.3390/v4123731 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3731 Kimberly D. Dyer, Katia E. Garcia-Crespo, Stephanie Glineur, Joseph B. Domachowske and Helene F. Rosenberg The Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) Model of Acute Respiratory Infection...................................... 70 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3494-3510; doi:10.3390/v4123494 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3494 Sumana Fathima, Bonita E. Lee, Jennifer May-Hadford, Shamir Mukhi and Steven J. Drews Use of an Innovative Web-Based Laboratory Surveillance Platform to Analyze Mixed Infections Between Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) and Other Respiratory Viruses Circulating in Alberta (AB), Canada (2009–2012) ................................................................................ 88 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(11), 2754-2765; doi:10.3390/v4112754 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/11/2754 iv 3. Epidemiology and Virus Evolution Luiz Gustavo Araujo Gardinassi, Paulo Vitor Marques Simas, Deriane Elias Gomes, Caroline Measso do Bonfim, Felipe Cavassan Nogueira, Gustavo Rocha Garcia, Claudia Márcia Aparecida Carareto, Paula Rahal and Fátima Pereira de Souza Diversity and Adaptation of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genotypes Circulating in Two Distinct Communities: Public Hospital and Day Care Center ..................................................... 100 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(11), 2432-2447; doi:10.3390/v4112432 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/11/2432 Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva, Yuko Nakamura-Lopez and Gilberto Vaughan Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ....... 117 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3452-3467; doi:10.3390/v4123452 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3452 Penelope Adamson, Sutthiwan Thammawat, Gamaliel Muchondo, Tania Sadlon and David Gordon Diversity in Glycosaminoglycan Binding Amongst hMPV G Protein Lineages ................................. 134 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3785-3803; doi:10.3390/v4123785 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3785 4. Viral Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses Peter Mastrangelo and Richard G. Hegele RSV Fusion: Time for a New Model ................................................................................................... 154 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(3), 873-885; doi:10.3390/v5030873 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/3/873 Evelyn Rivera-Toledo and Beatríz Gómez Respiratory Syncytial Virus Persistence in Macrophages Alters the Profile of Cellular Gene Expression ............................................................................................................................................ 167 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3270-3280; doi:10.3390/v4123270 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3270 Jonas Bystrom, Nasra Al-Adhoubi, Mohammed Al-Bogami, Ali S. Jawad and Rizgar A. Mageed Th17 Lymphocytes in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.............................................................. 178 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(3), 777-791; doi:10.3390/v5030777 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/3/777 v Deepthi Kolli, Xiaoyong Bao and Antonella Casola Human Metapneumovirus Antagonism of Innate Immune Responses ................................................ 193 Reprinted from Viruses 2012, 4(12), 3551-3571; doi:10.3390/v4123551 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/4/12/3551 Reagan G. Cox and John V. Williams Breaking In: Human Metapneumovirus Fusion and Entry................................................................... 215 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(1), 192-210; doi:10.3390/v5010192 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/1/192 Ellen R. T. Watkiss, Pratima Shrivastava, Natasa Arsic, Susantha Gomis and Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Pneumonia Virus of Mice in a Resistant and a Susceptible Mouse Strain ..................................................................................................................... 235 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(1), 295-320; doi:10.3390/v5010295 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/1/295 Elske van den Berg, Job B.M. van Woensel and Reinout A. Bem Apoptosis in Pneumovirus Infection .................................................................................................... 261 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(1), 406-422; doi:10.3390/v5010406 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/1/406 Antonieta Guerrero-Plata Dendritic Cells in Human Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus Infections ......................................... 278 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(6), 1553-1570; doi:10.3390/v5061553 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/6/1553 5. Vaccine Development Rajeev Rudraraju, Bart G. Jones, Robert Sealy, Sherri L. Surman and Julia L. Hurwitz Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Current Progress in Vaccine Development............................................ 297 Reprinted from Viruses 2013, 5(2), 577-594; doi:10.3390/v5020577 http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/5/2/577 Preface This volume of Viruses includes seventeen independent contributions that focus on the biology of pneumovirus and metapneumovirus respiratory virus pathogens. As a group, these are all pathogens of the family Paramyxoviridae, which are enveloped viruses with non-segmented single stranded RNA genomes that cause acute infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Among the pneumovirus pathogens, first and foremost is the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV; genus, pneumovirus). HRSV is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children, and is an emerging pathogen of the elderly (reviewed in [1]). Current management for HRSV disease includes prophylaxis with humanized monoclonal antibody, a regimen available to infants identified as high- risk only (i.e. those born prematurely, with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, immunodeficiency or congenital heart disease). At this time, there are no vaccines available to prevent HRSV infection. Two contributions to this volume describe interesting and relatively novel experimental models, including a perinatal lamb model (Dersheid and Ackermann) and neonatal calf model of HRSV infection (Nonnecke and colleagues), both drawing important parallels to infection in human infants. In another contribution, Pereira de Souza and colleagues provide an update on circulating HRSV (G-gene based) genotypes in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil. Also included are several studies focused on HRSV basic biology and pathogenesis including receptor-based fusion (Mastrangelo and Hegele), gene expression in macrophages (Rivera-Toledo and Gomez) and interactions with Th17 lymphocytes (Mageed and colleagues). Finally, Hurwitz and colleagues have contributed a crucial update on current progress towards development of a safe and effective vaccine for prevention of this HRSV infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is a pathogen of considerable veterinary importance. Similar to the clinical impact of HRSV, BRSV infects cattle worldwide, with the