MATERIALS FOR KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES INCLUDING – ACS, AIST, ASM, MRS, TMS REPORT „Advanced Materials for Our Energy Future“ AND – MRS, APS REPORT „ENERGY CRITICAL ELEMENTS“ MATERIALS FOR KEY ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Materials Science and Engineering Expert Committee (MatSEEC) The European Materials Research Society, E-MRS, was founded as an independent non-governmental, non- profit making scientific association in 1983. Currently E-MRS consists of over 3,000 individual materials scientists and technologists from academia and industry. The E-MRS differs from many single-discipline professional societies as it encourages scientists, engineers and research managers to exchange information on a very wide interdisciplinary platform which covers the full spectrum of the applications of advanced functional materials. The society organises the largest international materials conferences on advanced func- tional materials held in Europe to focus on new research findings in all areas of materials appli- cation. The two annual conferences, which are of major international significance, present over 30 scientific symposia and attract over 3,000 world recognised scientists from over 70 coun- tries. One of the Society’s major aims is to promote the transfer of technology from the findings of academic research to productive industry in an attempt to ensure that Europe continues to have a leading role in the world of scientific manufacture. The Society frequently organises and hosts major industrial meetings and workshops to address the new challenges for materials research and development. It was this area of interest that led to the Society and the American and Chinese MRS jointly organising the first World Materials Summit, which was hosted by E-MRS in Lisbon in 2007, under the auspices of the Por- tuguese Presidency of the EU. The summit focused on the topics of Energy Needs and Climate Change, Mobility and Future Energy Supply. The success of this summit initiates a follow up of the summits: Shanghai (2009) and soon Washington DC (Sept. 2011) Recognising that finding solutions to many of the challenges facing the world require scientific breakthroughs by materials scientists the Society saw the need for European research to be better coordinated and for the materials community to speak with one voice to the deci- sion makers. To this end E-MRS was instrumental in establishing the European Materials Forum (EMF) through which action was initiated which led to the formation of the ESF MatSEEC (Ma- terials Science and Engineering Expert Committee). Europe is rather efficient in the fundamen- tal aspects of R+D (31% of the world patents) but very poor in transforming this advantage into an innovative industry. E-MRS tries to contribute to the innovation in Europe. Recently E-MRS has presented an alternative strategy to CCS for combating CO2 emissi- Image source: E-MRS ons to the STOA panel of the European Parliament. The intention would be to recycle CO2 by reducing it to methane or methanol using hydrogen. This topic is one of the many subjects addressed in this report on Key Enabling Technologies for the European Commission. Sugges- tions have been made to the European Parliament how to bring together public research and industries in specific fields. Imprint: The members of the European Materials Research Society were very pleased to take an Editor: E-MRS and ESF active role in the preparation of this wide ranging report and express the hope that the con- Book Design: Ingo C. Rosche (www.7of7.de • Frankfurt on the Oder) cepts presented will enable the Commission to take decisions which could be of significant Print: Laserline (www.laser-line.de • Berlin) benefit to the future economy of Europe. Images source Title: www.pixelio.de – Klaus Bouda and Gerd Altmann Materials for Key Enabling Technologies Materials Science and Engineering Expert Committee (MatSEEC) Materials for Key Enabling Technologies This report is the result of a joint effort of the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS, Strasbourg, www.european-mrs.com) and of the Materials Science and Engineering Expert Committee (MatSEEC) of the European Science Foundation (ESF, www.esf.org/matseec). The report has been prepared on the occasion of the Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) initiati- ve launched by the European Commission to give an overview of the current status and recom- mendations on the role Materials Science and Engineering should play in Europe for key enab- ling technologies. The report has been edited by Hans Richter, vice-President of E-MRS, based on the contributions of several members. Thanks are due to Ana Helman, scientific secretary of MatSEEC, Manfred Aigringer, project manager of Gesellschaft zur Förderung von Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft (GFWW), Hilary Crichton (ESF), and John R. Blizzard (E-MRS) for performing the final compilation, editing and reviewing work. Francesco Priolo Guenther Bauer E-MRS President MatSEEC Chair Edited by: H. Richter With the collaboration of: N. Alford S. Maier J. Amouroux H. J. Muessig D. Barbier E. Olsson G. Bauer J. Perriere A. Borg L. Pfitzner J. P. Condé F. Priolo A. González-Elipe H. Richter H. G. Grimmeiss A-C. Ritschkoff A. Jäger-Waldau P. Siffert D. J. Jarvis A. Slaoui T. Lippert C. Vahlas Strasbourg, April 15, 2011 1 Materials for Key Enabling Technologies „Materials for Key Enabling Technologies“ Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary . 5 2 The Global Market and the EU Position for each KET . .9 3 Advanced Materials . 11 3.1 Research on New Advanced Materials with Novel or Improved Properties . 11 3.2 Development of Rational Approaches in the Design of Advanced Materials or in their Integration into Structures and Systems. .12 3.3 Inspiration by Nature: Promotion of Eco-Design, of Bio-Inspiration and of the Use of Natural Materials . .13 3.4 Anticipation and Control of the Performance of Materials during their Life Cycle, including Smart Structures allowing for Self-Sensing and Self-Healing . 14 3.5 Advanced Functional Materials . 16 3.5.1 Prospects of Inorganic Materials for Photonics and Energy . 16 3.5.2 Prospects of Non-organic Materials for Advanced Multifunctional Microsystems . 17 3.5.3 Materials based on Novel Functional Low Molecular Organic Compounds and Polymers . 17 3.5.4 Metamaterials and Nanostructured Materials . 18 3.5.5 Functional and Multifunctional Oxide Films . 18 4 Materials for Energy . .21 4.1 Energy Sources and Production . .21 4.1.1 Solar Energy . 22 4.1.2 Biomass . 25 4.1.3 Thermo-Electric Energy . 26 4.1.4 Nuclear Energy . 27 4.2 Energy Storage and Distribution . 28 4.2.1 Li-Ion Batteries . .28 4.2.2 Supercapacitors . .29 4.3 Carbon Dioxide as a Raw Material and a Future Chemical Fuel for a Sustainable Energy Industry . 29 4.3.1 General Objectives . 29 4.3.2 How does this Process work? . 30 4.3.3 Applications . 31 4.3.4 Key Steps for a Development based on CO2 Valorisation . 32 2 Materials for Key Enabling Technologies „Materials for Key Enabling Technologies“ Table of Contents 4.3.5 World Wide Equipment under Construction . 33 4.3.6 Safety and Sustainability of the Process . 33 4.3.7 Economical Impact . .33 4.3.8 Conclusion . 34 4.4 Energy Conversion . 35 4.4.1 Fuel Cells . 36 4.4.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells . 36 4.4.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells . 38 5 Nanotechnology . .39 5.1 Materials and Fabrication . 40 5.1.1 Top-down . 40 5.1.2 Bottom-up . 40 5.1.3 Nanotechnology for Energy . 41 5.1.4 Nano-Bio Applications . .42 5.1.5 Nanocomposites . 43 5.2 Characterisation . .44 5.3 Theory and Simulation . 45 5.4 Summary and Recommendations . 46 6 Materials for Micro-, Nanoelectronics and Silicon Photonics . .47 6.1 Micro- and Nanoelectronics . 47 6.1.1 “More of Moore” . .50 6.1.2 “More than Moore” . 51 6.1.3 Packing Density . .51 6.1.4 Complexity . .52 6.1.5 Multifunctionality . .54 6.1.6 Signal Processing Rate . 56 6.2 Carbon based Nanostructures . .56 6.3 Micro- and Nano Electro-Mechanical Systems Technology (MEMS and NEMS) . 58 6.4 Power Electronics . .59 6.5 Silicon Photonics . 61 6.5.1 Present Status . 62 6.5.2 Future Trends . 64 6.6 Conclusions and Recommendations . .64 3 Materials for Key Enabling Technologies „Materials for Key Enabling Technologies“ Table of Contents 7 Biotechnology . 65 8 General Conclusions . 67 9 Authors . .69 10 Sources . .71 11 Appendix ONE . 73 “Knowledge Transfer in the field of PV: Ideas to Industry Analysis of the present mechanism for photovoltaic technology transfer in the USA” 12 Appendix TWO . .96 “Advanced Materials for Our Energy Future” (by courtesy of Materials Research Society (MRS), Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, USA) 13 Appendix THREE . 110 „Energy Critical Elements“ (by courtesy of Materials Research Society (MRS) Keystone Drive, Warrendale, PA, USA) 4 Materials for Key Enabling Technologies Materials for Key Enabling Technologies 1 Executive Summary Europe and the entire world face a number of challenges which call for both immediate as well as medium term actions. The European Commission has identified these problems and has suggested focussing, within the upcoming Common Strategic Framework for EU Research and Innovation funding, on initiatives which will strengthen in particular innovation aspects. A number of so-called key enabling technologies which are of paramount importance to achieve the goals for strengthening innovation in Europe have been identified. At the same time it is clear that true innovation is often based on basic research and thus a strong research base has to be maintained and further developed in Europe. The key enabling technologies (KETs) recommended are: Advanced Materials, Photo- nics, Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, and Micro-and Nanoelectronics and as a cross cutting KET Advanced Manufacturing Systems. These KETs are not only interlinked but are all based on further progress in materials development.