2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE LONGOBARDS IN ITALY. 12° 44’ 36” E The Clitunno Tempietto PLACES OF THE POWER 5. At Campello del Clitunno Between the Via Flaminia (568-774 A.D.) The Clitunno Tempietto and the Clitunno river NOMINATION FOR INSCRIPTION 42° 50’ 32” N ON THE WORLD HARITAGE LIST 12° 45’ 25” E The Santa Sofia complex with church and annexed cloister, part of the abbey, STATE PARTY 6. In Benevento today housing the Museo del Sannio Italy The Santa Sofia complex with Piazza Matteotti, Via Cardinal di Rende church and annexed cloister, part REGIONS AND PROVINCES of the abbey, today housing the The Sanctuary of San Michele Friuli Venezia Giulia (province of Udine) Museo del Sannio Piazza Carlo d’Angiò, via Reale Basilica, Lombardia (provinces of Brescia and 41° 07’ 50’’ N Piazza Don Luigi Sturzo, National Road Varese) 14° 46’ 53’’ E no. 272 Umbria (province of Perugia) Campania (province of Benevento) 7. At Monte Sant’Angelo ANNEXED MAPS OF THE NOMINATED Puglia (province of Foggia) The Sanctuary of San Michele PROPERTY SHOWING BOUNDARIES 41° 42’ 30” N AND BUFFER ZONES GEOGRAPHICAL COORDINATES 15° 57’ 15” E TO THE NEAREST SECOND The maps, in digital image form, have TEXTUAL DESCRIPTION been printed in an outsized scale to make 1. At Cividale del Fiuli OF THE BOUNDARIES OF THE them as easy to read as possible within The Gastaldaga area with the so- NOMINATED PROPERTY the spatial limits permitted. The metric called Tempietto Longobardo and scale of reference is therefore printed on and the Episcopal complex with The Gastaldaga area with the so-called each plate. the Palazzo Patriarcale below the Tempietto Longobardo and and the National Archaeological Museum Episcopal complex with the Palazzo Cividale del Friuli 46° 05’ 39” N Patriarcale below the National Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone 13° 25’ 59” E Archaeological Museum – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 2003) Piazza del Duomo, Via G.Batta Gandolini, 2. In Brescia Via Monastero Maggiore, Stretta T. Brescia The monumental area with the Cerchiari, Piazza San Biagio Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone monastic complex of San – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 1996) Salvatore-Santa Giulia, today The monumental area with the monastic housing the Museo della città complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia, Castelseprio – Torba 45° 31’ 59” N today housing the Museo della città Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone 10° 14’ 06” E Via Avogardo, Vicolo San Zanino – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 1994) (Private Baldini Institute), Private 3. At Castelseprio-Torba Institute Padri Saveriani, Via dei Musei, Spoleto The castrum with the Torba Tower Via Piamarta, Private Artigianelli Institute Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone and the church outside the walls, – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 1995) Santa Maria foris portas The castrum with the Torba Tower and 45° 00’ 06” N the church outside the walls, Santa Campello sul Clitunno 9° 27’ 11” E Maria foris portas tab. n. 1 Boundaries of core zone and Provincial Road 44, Via di Castelvecchio buffer zone – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 4. In Spoleto The Basilica of San Salvatore 1995) The Basilica of San Salvatore Piazza Salmi, cemeterial area, 42° 44’ 31” N unsurfaced road 3 ITALIA LANGOBARDORUM Benevento refuge for themselves and their families a lower presbytery, divided by pairs of Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone and, above all, an institution that guaran- columns in three parts covered in barrel – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 1999) teed the continuation of their assets. King vaults. The sumptuous decorative Desiderio alone, together with his wife scheme, including mosaics on the vaults, Monte Sant’Angelo Ansa, founded three monasteries (in addi- stucco figures and ornaments, and a Boundaries of core zone and buffer zone tion to San Salvatore in Brescia, there series of frescoes painted in aulic style – Map (aerophotogrammetry, 2004) were those in Leno and Sirmione) and all and skilfully refined, make this one of the the dukes of the peninsula conformed to most splendid and ambitious works to this model, undertaking ambitious archi- reach us today from 8th-century Europe, BRIEF DESCRIPTION tectural enterprises unparalleled in Europe probably the work of the Royal couple OF THE SERIAL PROPERTY at that time. Astolfo (749-756) and Giseltrude. In Sources testify – and monument evidence particular, the stucco tondo figures of The serial property “The Longobards in confirms – that the construction industry female saints show the refined and high Italy. Places of the power (568-774 was well organised with guilds of spe- level of artistic production achieved in A.D.)” comprises the same assets previ- cialised craftsmen who could carry out Italy in the late Longobard era. ously selected (in 2008) for recognition of complex commissions to high standards. The Temple, together with San Giovanni, the Site called “Italia Langobardorum. Not having an architectural, pictorial or the Palatine Church of the royal court, Places of power and worship (568-774 sculpture tradition of their own, the stands in the urban area belonging to the A.D.)”; the small differences in the current Longobards used the existing skills of the castle, next to the early Christian Church configuration of nominated property and local craftsmen. This is one of the reasons of Santa Maria, which became an refer to a) extension of core zone for that the Longobard artistic style in Italy is Episcopal church with annexed Palace in Brescia, b) extension of buffer zones for extremely composite and presents specific the late Longobard era. Spoleto and Campello core areas, c) the characteristics in different parts of the The Episcopal complex, renovated and exclusion of the modern building to the kingdom. Faced, therefore, with a clear extended by the patriarch Callisto, con- north-east of Santa Sofia for Benevento, unity of intent which brings together all sisted of a set of communicating build- meeting the Recommendations by ICO- the monument complexes – owing to the ings, which included the Basilica, the MOS desire for self-determination of the Baptistery of Saint John the Baptist and Sporadic documentary evidence sug- Longobard élites and legitimization before the Patriarchal Palace. From the gests that the Longobard élites in Italy the indigenous population – we find Baptistery, discovered at the start of the commissioned prestigious buildings heterogeneous artistic creations which, for 20th century beneath the Duomo, come right from their arrival (palaces and resi- example, in Lombardy seem to be more two of the most important works of dences, but also churches and basilicas), conspicuously subject to the Merovingian Longobard sculpture, currently preserved along the lines of their Roman predeces- influence, as in Friuli the influence is more in the Museo Cristiano e Tesoro del sors, in order to affirm their position and Byzantine and Syriac. The language in Duomo, a short distance from their origi- authority. different areas of Italy was therefore Since the century before the Carolingian different, but the various formal dialects annexing of the north and centre of the were mutually comprehensible. peninsula (second half of the 7th-first half Today’s region of Friuli is the area of of the 8th century A.D.), the Longobard Longobard settlement in Italy that is kings and dukes begun more frequently richest in testimonies and findings; in and more systematically to committed particular, one of the most complex and themselves especially to the construction original buildings of Longobard architec- of churches and monasteries. The ture is preserved at Cividale del Friuli, the monastery, in particular, is a typical foun- so-called “Tempietto Longobardo”, dation of this period, an expression not Oratory of Santa Maria in Valle, with a only of the strength of the faith of the single chamber, square-plan, covered in a Longobard nobles, but also a place of spacious cross-vault, which terminates in Cividale del Friuli, the “Tempietto Longobardo” 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY nal location. The high level of craftsman- Longobard period and to a secular housing. Historical sources recall the ship explains the excellent customer base. It is a unique repertory, for Xenodochio, which hosted the pilgrims, quality of Callisto’s “tegurio” – an octago- it displays the ubiquitous creativity and and the so called Peresindo’s Hospital. nal aedicule which covered the baptismal experimentation attitude of workers who The monastic complex area spread font, with columns and arch vaults finely elaborated a new original language as Westward with houses, burial places and sculpted with symbolic images and rich result of the confluence of different productive plants. The walls evidences still decorative motifs – and the altar traditions: the indigenous, Barbarian, visible in situ testify the presence of the commissioned by King Ratchis – the only Byzantine and Arabic ones. large number of Longobard buildings, sculptural piece from the Longobard era The monumental area of San Salvatore- with different functions and structural featuring a biblical narrative theme, Santa Giulia in Brescia is an extraordinary quality. Such evidences were uncovered in achieved using a linear and calligraphic architectural palimpsest that incorporates what is still considered to be the most language that invert the standards of clas- the female convent built by Duke Desiderio complete medieval urban excavation, sical naturalism, and enriched by a vivid of Brescia, with his wife Ansa in 753 A.D. within an area where the most important chromatism