WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD Foreword ...........................................................................................3 The global economy is going through a difficult phase as markets Sustainable steel ................................................................................4 adjust to slower levels of Chinese growth - the “new normal”. However, given the expected population increase, emerging new applications CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION for steel and new markets developing, I am convinced that we will again World crude steel production, 1950 to 2015 ........................................7 have growth in the steel industry. Without steel modern society Top steel-producing companies, 2015 ................................................8 could not survive. Major steel-producing countries, 2014 and 2015 ................................9 World crude steel production reached 1,621 million tonnes (Mt) for the Crude steel production by process, 2015 ......................................... 10 year 2015, down by 2.9% compared to 2014. In 2015, China accounted Continuously-cast steel output, 2013 to 2015 .................................. 11 for 44.8% of the global market for steel (by volume), compared to Monthly crude steel production, 2012 to 2015 .................................. 12 45.9% in 2014. STEEL USE In 2015, concern over excess capacity once again increased. As Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2005 ................. 14 mentioned during an OECD high level symposium on the topic, “overcapacity is a global problem requiring a global solution; structural Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2015 ................. 15 adjustments are required.” Restructuring is not new; it is an ongoing Apparent steel use, 2009 to 2015 ���������������������������������������������������� 16 process as old as the industry itself and it requires appropriate industrial Apparent steel use per capita, 2009 to 2015 .................................... 17 policy developed by governments in cooperation with industry. Barriers to exit as well as social and environmental impacts need to be RAW MATERIALS addressed and planned for. In today’s economic context it is ever more Pig iron, 2014 and 2015 ................................................................... 18 crucial that policies promote a level playing field to ensure that steel Direct reduced iron production, 2008 to 2015 .................................. 19 companies in one region are not put at a disadvantage with steelmakers Iron ore, 2014 ..................................................................................20 from other regions or in relation to competing materials. World iron ore trade by area, 2015 ................................................... 21 But one must never forget that the key word in any discussion about Trade in ferrous scrap, 2014 and 2015 .............................................22 steel is “sustainable”. If one longstanding challenge for the industry World trade in ferrous scrap by area, 2015 .......................................23 has been how to produce steel with lower carbon emissions, the new challenge is improving the value of steel in applications. This needs STEEL TRADE a major focus on innovation. World trade in steel products, 1975 to 2015 ...................................... 24 World volume of trade, 2000 to 2015 ............................................... 24 Steel plays a key role in the new circular business model in which World steel exports by product, 2009 to 2015 .................................. 25 all products must be designed and manufactured to be repaired, World steel trade by area, 2015 ........................................................26 remanufactured, reused and recycled. The next few pages of this publication give you a glimpse of why steel, thanks to its strength, Major importers and exporters of steel, 2015 ..................................... 27 adaptability, flexibility and durability, is the essential material in the INDIRECT TRADE circular economy. Indirect trade in steel, 2000 to 2014 .................................................28 This booklet provides a comprehensive overview of steel industry Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2014 ........................28 activities, stretching from production to steel use to some indications True steel use, 2008 to 2014 ...........................................................29 of global trade flows. Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2014 ...................................29 For details on the notation used in this publication, please refer to page 30. Dr Edwin Basson Director General 3 SUSTAINABLE STEEL As a permanent material, steel is essential to achieving a circular economy. Reduce Remanufacture To reduce is to decrease the amount of material, energy and other Remanufacture is the process of restoring durable, used steel products resources used to create steel as well as decreasing the weight of steel to as-new condition. used in products by developing higher strength steels. DUCTION T RE BEN End-of-life turbine GH EF EI IT W S n io I Reduced use t n Job creation a s c p of raw e f Remanufacturing steel in R&D i c materials t t r i o e products can signifcantly n c e extend the life span of a R component and preserve Automotive Construction Packaging Reduced Reduced transport the energy used to create it. CO emissions High-strength steels have led to a 25 to 40% 2 impact weight reduction over the past ly three decades, with corresponding b decreases in emissions R m em se and energy use a as nu is fac D ture Reduced energy use Use and reuse Recycle Reuse is using an object or material again, either for its original purpose Recycling is melting steel products at the end of their useful life to create or for a similar purpose, without significantly altering its physical form. new steels. Recycling alters the physical form of the steel object so that Rail tracks or construction beams can, for example, be reused once their a new application can be created from the recycled material. initial use is fulfilled. Steelmaking by-products can also be used in new applications, such as slag in concrete. Earth M STEEL By-products an uf ac tu PRODUCTION 32.9% of steelmaking by-products are used r in OUTPUT to make new products, such as fertilisers, g P electricity, cement, roadstones, paint, and re -c on much more. Waste is reduced to a minimum. su me r re cycling P o s Steel t -c on 64.4% su me r re cycling Today 650 million tonnes of steel are Waste recycled every year. 2.7% For more examples, visit the circular economy section of worldsteel.org 4 5 SUSTAINABLE STEEL WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION 1950 TO 2015 Life Cycle Assessment million tonnes worldsteel continues to promote the use of Life Cycle Assessment Years World Years World Years World (LCA) as the only way to establish with accuracy the environmental 1950 189 1997 800 2008 1,343 performance of any given product throughout its full lifetime. An LCA 1955 270 1998 779 2009 1,239 of a steel product looks at resource and energy use, as well as by- 1960 347 1999 790 2010 1,433 products and emissions released to air, water and land, from the raw 1965 456 2000 850 2011 1,538 material extraction phase to its end-of-life phase, including recycling 1970 595 2001 852 2012 1,560 1975 644 2002 905 2013 1,650 and disposal. LCA can be used to identify priorities for improvements in 1980 717 2003 971 2014 1,670 process operations and product design and development. This ensures 1985 719 2004 1,063 2015 1,621 that improvements in one life cycle phase do not result in unintended 1990 770 2005 1,148 consequences in another phase or impact category. 1995 753 2006 1,250 1996 751 2007 1,348 steeluniversity 1,800 Average Growth Rates The steel industry needs to attract and retain young talent to drive the % per annum process of innovation forward. steeluniversity, a worldsteel initiative, is an Years World industry university delivering education and training to current and future 1,600 1950-55 7.4 employees of steel companies and related businesses. steeluniversity 1955-60 5.1 delivers online courses on steel manufacturing, steel applications, ferrous 1960-65 5.6 1,400 1965-70 5.5 metallurgy, business, environment and safety. A new steel competitive 1970-75 1.6 game called steelBusiness has been launched to provide training to 1975-80 2.2 understand steel company finances as you run a virtual steel company. 1980-85 0.1 1,200 1985-90 1.4 Annual highlights include steelManagement (a four-day residential course 1990-95 -0.5 on steel business strategy) and steelChallenge (a global competition for 1995-00 2.5 young people using a manufacturing simulation). 2000-05 6.2 1,000 2005-10 4.5 2010-15 2.5 Safety and health 800 Nothing is more important than the safety and health of people who work in the steel industry. worldsteel is set up to support its members 600 to achieve the ‘zero’ goal, an injury-free and healthy workplace for employees and contractors. This year, worldsteel produced an updated position paper on safety and health in which the organisation outlines 400 its activities. One of the key initiatives is the Steel Safety Day held every year on 28 April. Its aim is to reinforce the leadership needed to eliminate the top five causes of serious injury: moving machinery, falling from 200 heights, falling objects, gas and asphyxiation, and overhead cranes. Other worldsteel activities include safety workshops, shop floor audits,