Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking [Author removed at request of original publisher] UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA LIBRARIES PUBLISHING EDITION, 2016. THIS EDITION ADAPTED FROM A WORK ORIGINALLY PRODUCED IN 2011 BY A PUBLISHER WHO HAS REQUESTED THAT IT NOT RECEIVE ATTRIBUTION. MINNEAPOLIS, MN Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. This book was produced using Pressbooks.com, and PDF rendering was done by PrinceXML. Contents Publisher Information ix Chapter 1: Why Public Speaking Matters Today 1.1 Why Is Public Speaking Important? 3 1.2 The Process of Public Speaking 10 1.3 Chapter Exercises 20 Chapter 2: Ethics Matters: Understanding the Ethics of Public Speaking 2.1 The Ethics Pyramid 22 2.2 Ethics in Public Speaking 27 2.3 Free Speech 39 2.4 Chapter Exercises 43 Chapter 3: Speaking Confidently 3.1 What Is Communication Apprehension? 47 3.2 All Anxiety Is Not the Same: Sources of Communication Apprehension 53 3.3 Reducing Communication Apprehension 57 3.4 Coping with the Unexpected 65 3.5 Chapter Exercises 68 Chapter 4: The Importance of Listening 4.1 Listening vs. Hearing 71 4.2 Listening Styles 75 4.3 Why Listening Is Difficult 79 4.4 Stages of Listening 86 4.5 Listening Critically 91 4.6 Chapter Exercises 99 Chapter 5: Audience Analysis 5.1 Why Conduct an Audience Analysis 103 5.2 Three Types of Audience Analysis 111 5.3 Conducting Audience Analysis 120 5.4 Using Your Audience Analysis 124 5.5 Chapter Exercises 127 Chapter 6: Finding a Purpose and Selecting a Topic 6.1 General Purposes of Speaking 130 6.2 Selecting a Topic 143 6.3 What If You Draw a Blank? 148 6.4 Specific Purposes 155 6.5 Conclusion 161 6.6 Chapter Exercises 162 Chapter 7: Researching Your Speech 7.1 What Is Research? 167 7.2 Developing a Research Strategy 173 7.3 Citing Sources 189 7.4 Chapter Exercises 202 Chapter 8: Supporting Ideas and Building Arguments 8.1 Using Research as Support 206 8.2 Exploring Types of Support 213 8.3 Using Support and Creating Arguments 225 8.4 Chapter Exercises 235 Chapter 9: Introductions Matter: How to Begin a Speech Effectively 9.1 The Importance of an Introduction 239 9.2 The Attention-Getter: The First Step of an Introduction 244 9.3 Putting It Together: Steps to Complete Your Introduction 253 9.4 Analyzing an Introduction 263 9.5 Chapter Exercises 267 Chapter 10: Creating the Body of a Speech 10.1 Determining Your Main Ideas 273 10.2 Using Common Organizing Patterns 282 10.3 Keeping Your Speech Moving 289 10.4 Analyzing a Speech Body 295 10.5 Chapter Exercises 298 Chapter 11: Concluding with Power 11.1 Why Conclusions Matter 302 11.2 Steps of a Conclusion 305 11.3 Analyzing a Conclusion 313 11.4 Chapter Exercises 317 Chapter 12: Outlining 12.1 Why Outline? 320 12.2 Types of Outlines 326 12.3 Using Outlining for Success 337 12.4 Chapter Exercises 341 Chapter 13: The Importance of Language 13.1 Oral versus Written Language 345 13.2 Using Language Effectively 350 13.3 Six Elements of Language 361 13.4 Chapter Exercises 366 Chapter 14: Delivering the Speech 14.1 Four Methods of Delivery 370 14.2 Speaking Contexts That Affect Delivery 375 14.3 Using Notes Effectively 380 14.4 Practicing for Successful Speech Delivery 384 14.5 Chapter Exercises 397 Chapter 15: Presentation Aids: Design and Usage 15.1 Functions of Presentation Aids 402 15.2 Types of Presentation Aids 410 15.3 Media to Use for Presentation Aids 429 15.4 Tips for Preparing Presentation Aids 437 15.5 Chapter Exercises 443 Chapter 16: Informative Speaking 16.1 Informative Speaking Goals 448 16.2 Types of Informative Speeches 456 16.3 Chapter Exercises 466 Chapter 17: Persuasive Speaking 17.1 Persuasion: An Overview 469 17.2 Types of Persuasive Speeches 479 17.3 Organizing Persuasive Speeches 484 17.4 Chapter Exercises 492 Chapter 18: Speaking to Entertain 18.1 Understanding Entertaining Speeches 496 18.2 Special-Occasion Speeches 500 18.3 Keynote Speaking 510 18.4 Chapter Exercises 516 Appendix: Your First Speech Appendix: 2. Foundations of Public Speaking 519 Appendix: 3. Speech Preparation 524 Appendix: 4. Speech Practice 528 Appendix: 5. Conclusion 531 Appendix: 1. The Public Speaking Pyramid 532 Please share your supplementary material! 533 Publisher Information Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking is adapted from a work produced and distributed under a Creative Com- mons license (CC BY-NC-SA) in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that they and the original author not receive attribution. This adapted edition is produced by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing through the eLearning Support Initiative. This adaptation has reformatted the original text, and replaced some images and figures to make the resulting whole more shareable. This adaptation has not significantly altered or updated the original 2011 text. This work is made available under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike license. Chapter 1: Why Public Speaking Matters Today Public Speaking in the Twenty-First Century Nadine Dereza – ‘Insider Secrets of Public Speaking’. – CC BY-NC-ND 2.0. Public speaking is the process of designing and delivering a message to an audience. Effective public speaking involves understanding your audience and speaking goals, choosing elements for the speech that will engage your audience with your topic, and delivering your message skillfully. Good public speakers understand that they must plan, organize, and revise their material in order to develop an effec- tive speech. This book will help you understand the basics of effective public speaking and guide you through the process of creating your own presentations. We’ll begin by discussing the ways in which public speaking is relevant to you and can benefit you in your career, education, and personal life. In a world where people are bombarded with messages through television, social media, and the Internet, one of the first questions you may ask is, “Do people still give speeches?” Well, type the words “public speaking” into Amazon.com or Barnesandnoble.com, and you will find more than two thousand books with the words “public speaking” in the title. Most of these and other books related to public speaking are not college textbooks. In fact, many books written about public speaking are intended for very specific audiences: A Handbook of Public Speaking for Scientists and Engineers (by Peter Kenny), Excuse Me! Let Me Speak!: A Young Person’s Guide to Public Speaking (by Michelle J. Dyett-Welcome), Profes- sionally Speaking: Public Speaking for Health Professionals (by Frank De Piano and Arnold Melnick), and Speaking Effectively: A Guide for Air Force Speakers (by John A. Kline). Although these different books address specific issues related to nurses, engineers, or air force officers, the content is basically the Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking 2 same. If you search for “public speaking” in an online academic database, you’ll find numerous articles on public speaking in business magazines (e.g., BusinessWeek, Nonprofit World) and academic journals (e.g., Harvard Business Review, Journal of Business Communication). There is so much information available about public speaking because it continues to be relevant even with the growth of technologi- cal means of communication. As author and speaker Scott Berkun writes in his blog, “For all our tech, we’re still very fond of the most low tech thing there is: a monologue” (Berkun, 2009). People con- tinue to spend millions of dollars every year to listen to professional speakers. For example, attendees of the 2010 TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) conference, which invites speakers from around the world to share their ideas in short, eighteen-minute presentations, paid six thousand dollars per person to listen to fifty speeches over a four-day period. Technology can also help public speakers reach audiences that were not possible to reach in the past. Millions of people heard about and then watched Randy Pausch’s “Last Lecture” online. In this capti- vating speech, Randy Pausch, a Carnegie Mellon University professor who retired at age forty-six after developing inoperable tumors, delivered his last lecture to the students, faculty, and staff. This inspiring speech was turned into a DVD and a best-selling book that was eventually published in more than thirty- five languages (Carnegie Mellon University, 2011). We realize that you may not be invited to TED to give the speech of your life or create a speech so inspirational that it touches the lives of millions via YouTube; however, all of us will find ourselves in situations where we will be asked to give a speech, make a presentation, or just deliver a few words. In this chapter, we will first address why public speaking is important, and then we will discuss models that illustrate the process of public speaking itself. References Berkun, S. (2009, March 4). Does public speaking matter in 2009? [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://www.scottberkun.com/blog. Carnegie Mellon University. (n.d.). Randy Pausch’s last lecture. Retrieved June 6, 2011, from http://www.cmu.edu/randyslecture. 1.1 Why Is Public Speaking Important? Learning Objectives 1. Explore three types of public speaking in everyday life: informative, persuasive, and entertaining. 2. Understand the benefits of taking a course in public speaking.