PALGRAVE HISTORICAL STUDIES IN THE CRIMINAL CORPSE AND ITS AFTERLIFE Series Editors: Owen Davies · Elizabeth T. Hurren Sarah Tarlow THE GOLDEN AND GHOULISH AGE OF THE GIBBET IN BRITAIN Sarah Tarlow Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife Series Editors Owen Davies School of Humanities University of Hertfordshire Hatfeld, UK Elizabeth T. Hurren School of Historical Studies University of Leicester Leicester, UK Sarah Tarlow History and Archaeology University of Leicester Leicester, UK This limited, fnite series is based on the substantive outputs from a major, multi-disciplinary research project funded by the Wellcome Trust, investigating the meanings, treatment, and uses of the criminal corpse in Britain. It is a vehicle for methodological and substantive advances in approaches to the wider history of the body. Focussing on the period between the late seventeenth and the mid-nineteenth centuries as a cru- cial period in the formation and transformation of beliefs about the body, the series explores how the criminal body had a prominent presence in popular culture as well as science, civic life and medico-legal activity. It is historically signifcant as the site of overlapping and sometimes contradic- tory understandings between scientifc anatomy, criminal justice, popular medicine, and social geography. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14694 Sarah Tarlow The Golden and Ghoulish Age of the Gibbet in Britain Sarah Tarlow University of Leicester Leicester, UK Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife ISBN 978-1-137-60088-2 ISBN 978-1-137-60089-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60089-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951552 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication. 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The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The book is based on research carried out as part of the research pro- gramme “Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse”, funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant WT095904AIA). I am very grateful to the Wellcome Trust for their support and assistance—fnancial and practical. I also thank the other participants in the programme: Elizabeth Hurren, Peter King, Richard Ward, Zoë Dyndor, Shane McCorristine, Owen Davies, Francesca Matteoni, Floris Tomasini, Rachel Bennett and Emma Battell Lowman. Many thanks to Emily Russell and Rowan Milligan at Palgrave and to Steve Poole for his extremely helpful comments on the frst version of this book. Thanks to Adam Barker for invaluable assistance with the index. Most images are my own‚ unless otherwise specifed. v CONTENTS 1 Some Further Terror and Peculiar Mark of Infamy 1 2 How to Hang in Chains: How, Where and When Eighteenth-Century Sheriffs Organised a Gibbeting 33 3 The Afterlife of the Gibbet 79 4 Conclusions: Why Gibbet Anyone? 101 Appendix 1: All Cases of Hanging in Chains 119 Appendix 2: Maps, 1752–1834 135 Concept Index 145 Historical Publications Index 147 Name Index 149 Place Index 153 vii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 Number of gibbetings per decade in England and Wales, 1700–1832 28 Fig. 2.1 St Peter’s rock, Derbyshire, where Anthony Lingard was hung in chains in 1815 41 Fig. 2.2 Felton’s obelisk in Portsmouth 42 Fig. 2.3 Road sign, Gibbet Hill Lane, Scrooby 47 Fig. 2.4 Interval in days between the frst day of the assizes during which a criminal was convicted and the date of his execution 63 Fig. 2.5 A Thames pirate 65 Fig. 2.6 Tull or Hawkins’s leg iron, courtesy of Reading Museums 66 Fig. 2.7 Some different styles of gibbet: a: John Breeds (Rye, 1743, now in Rye town hall); b: John Keal (Louth, 1731, now in Louth Museum); c: possibly ‘Jack the Painter’ (Portsmouth, 1777, now in Winchester Museum); James Cook (Leicester, 1832, replica now in Leicester Guildhall) 70 Fig. 2.8 Multiple punches holes on John Keal’s gibbet 71 Fig. 2.9 Headpiece of John Breeds’s gibbet with large skull fragment remaining 71 Fig. 2.10 Artistic representation of a gibbet with carrion birds. Vignette from Thomas Bewick’s British Birds (1804) 72 Fig. 3.1 ‘Willow biter’ and rhyme, drawn and recorded in the commonplace book of Edwin Jarvis of Doddington Hall, Lincs., courtesy of Claire Birch 88 ix x LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 3.2 ‘Noose and Gibbet’ pub, Sheffeld 90 Fig. 3.3 Eugene Aram’s skull 96 Fig. 3.4 Gustave Doré’s engraving of Eugene Aram 98 LIST OF MAPS Map 1a 1752–1760 136 Map 1b 1761–1770 137 Map 1c 1771–1780 138 Map 1d 1781–1790 139 Map 1e 1791–1800 140 Map 1f 1801–1810 141 Map 1g 1811–1820 142 Map 1h 1821–1830 143 Map 1i 1831–1834 144 xi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Numbers hung in chains under the Murder Act 10 Table 1.2 Crimes punished by hanging in chains, 1752–1832 22 Table 2.1 The frequency of gibbetings by county and decade through England and Wales 37 Table 2.2 Admiralty Court convictions resulting in hanging in chains 51 Table 2.3 Surviving gibbet cages 64 xiii CHAPTER 1 Some Further Terror and Peculiar Mark of Infamy Abstract The story of Tom Otter, a murderer who was executed and gibbeted in 1806, has many striking features. Not least, this form of brutal and bodily post-mortem punishment seems rather anachronis- tic during a period often described in terms of increasing gentility and humanity. It took place within the legal context of the Murder Act (1752), which specifed that the bodies of murderers had to be either dissected or hung in chains. Other aggravated death penalties were applied to those convicted of treason and suicide. A number of common misconceptions about the gibbet need to be corrected. Keywords Tom Otter · Murder act · Suicide · Treason · Post-mortem punishment TOM OTTER Tom Otter was not what he seemed. In fact, when he murdered his second wife on their wedding day in 1805, he wasn’t even called Tom Otter. A bigamist, a murderer, a corpse and a ghost, Tom Otter was as unreliable as the numerous stories that were told about him from the time of his arrest to the present day. These included the rumour that he had murdered his baby (untrue: his wife was pregnant when he killed her, but had not given birth), that somehow contrived to murder © The Author(s) 2017 1 S. Tarlow, The Golden and Ghoulish Age of the Gibbet in Britain, Palgrave Historical Studies in the Criminal Corpse and its Afterlife, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60089-9_1 2 S. TARLOW another man after his own death by causing his gibbet cage to fall and crush him (also untrue), and that every year on the anniversary of his wife’s murder, his ghost would cause the hedge stake with which the bloody deed was committed to appear, covered in gore, at the scene of the crime (a great story, but based on a mid-nineteenth-century fction). What we do know about Tom Otter is less sensational and more grim. Thomas Otter was born in the Nottinghamshire village of Treswell in 1782 and married Martha Rawlinson there in 1804, the same year that their daughter was christened at Hockerton. However, the very next year, he found navvying work on the canals of Lincoln. He was at that time calling himself Thomas Temporel, his mother’s maiden name and the name under which he was soon to stand trial for murder. While in Lincolnshire, he seems to have quickly forgotten his wife and child in Treswell and taken up with a local girl called Mary Kirkham who, in due course, also became pregnant.