University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Winter 2002 A Gender and Development (GAD) implementation evaluation: Testimonios reveal the successes, challenges, and unpredicted results for women's equality and community sustainability Melinda Salazar University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Salazar, Melinda, "A Gender and Development (GAD) implementation evaluation: Testimonios reveal the successes, challenges, and unpredicted results for women's equality and community sustainability" (2002). Doctoral Dissertations. 113. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/113 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT (GAD) IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION: TESTMONIOS REVEAL THE SUCCESSES, CHALLENGES, AND UNPREDICTED RESULTS FOR WOMEN’S EQUALITY AND COMMUNITY SUSTAINABILITY BY MELINDA SALAZAR B.S., Ohio State University, 1972 M.ED. Lesley College, 1989 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Natural Resources and Environmental Studies December, 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number 3070984 Copyright 2003 by Salazar, Melinda All rights reserved. _ ___ __® UMI UMI Microform 3070984 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. y ---------------------- Dr. Nfifhi Larsen Becker, Dissertation Director Associate Professor of Natural Resources Associate Professor of Economics 6j&' Di. Sharon N. Oja Associate Professor of Education Dr. Thomas H. Schram Associate Professor of Education . Rodriguez )Professor of History am omen’s Studies Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATED to Kevin, Kalim, Lila, Julian, Sara, Ross, and Dayyan and the Quechua Baha’is in Chuquisaca, Bolivia iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Interdisciplinary work may be more attractive than it is navigable. Its advantages are also its faults. For the multilingual and polyconceptual thinker, interdisciplinary studies provide a safe haven where holistic and synergetic perspectives are welcomed. On the other hand, spaces with fluid boundaries are more demanding on scholars because of increases in levels of complexities and additional foundational canons. Interdisciplinary study is not for everyone; clear steering requires a high degree of vision. A Third World development study within an interdisciplinary Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Ph. D. Program required that I constantly renegotiate linguistic archaeologies and genealogies cross disciplines. The terms “growth” and “development,” for instance, not only mean different things to different people, but also have different meaning cross sciences and within disciplines. I entered this program as an educator trained in developmental psychology with the understanding of development as the changes within the biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial domains of an individual. By the end of this program, I learned that in economics, development came to represent either the persistent international strategies to improve die ills of humankind, or the foiled attempts that have contributed to illiteracy, poverty and environmental degradation. Growth in human development are the changes in the physical size of an individual; in economics, growth refers to a rise in national or per capita income and product through the application of science to problems of economic production, industrialization, iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. urbanization, and overpopulation. In humans, development can occur without growth [and growth without development], but in economics, growth, according to economic theorists, is impossible without development Whereas in humans, growth and development are mutually reciprocal processes that enhance the capacitation of attributes and qualities, in economics, the means is confused with the end in itself and serves a particular political agenda (Kabeer, 1994). I strategically selected a dissertation committee that would trust me to sort out how growth led to inequities, how development impacted the environment, and how redistribution issues are related to research methodologies. That each member of my committee embody knowledge of the consequential and serious gender asymmetries were critical selection criteria. From each of my honored committee members, I hold a gem of their wisdom. I acknowledge here their gifts. In her gentle, and ever-present attention to collaborative studies, Nodie Oja’s expertise in adult development and adult education opened my eyes years ago to the complex and multidimensional layers of the adult human being. From Nodie, I learned to shift from my role as mentor in the classroom to my role as action researcher in the field. Her experience and insight prepared me for the pitfalls and obstacles in PAR, which enabled me to challenge my naivete and to support my facilitation style. Julia Rodriquez, a kindred spirit whose “hybrid” combination matches mine, provided the support for the development of the historic and feminist theorizing context of my study. Before her bags were unpacked in Durham to fulfill her joint faculty position in Women’s Studies and History, I snagged her to serve on my committee. Her v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. encouragement to conduct fieldwork [at my age!] and her commendations of its risks validated my experience. Years ago, qualitative research scholar Tom Schram remarked that only some people “have the stomach” for ethnography. Ethnographers, he said, are an odd bunch that frequently don’t fit in elsewhere. In ethnography, I discovered my stomach and found a home. Tom’s directive to keep my focus centered on my own “borderlands” as the starting point for my research stance challenged me to integrate the diverse cultural parts of myself vis-a-vis die ethnography process. By that I mean ethnography as cultural therapy has helped me to find greater meaning in the imaginary boundaries between “here” and “there.” Never have I experienced in all my education and psychology study a more emotionally charged course than Marc Herold’s class on Economic Development. I entered Marc’s world unsure and skeptical, not only of myself but also of a worldview I closed my eyes to, only to emerge as knowledgeable of the enterprise and as a scholar of its critique. Marc’s stunning brilliance, his undying commitment to ‘the revolution,’ and his keen sense of teaching combine to create an individual whom I strive to emulate. Lastiy, I acknowledge my advisor, Mimi Larsen Becker. Desperate for her to sign off as my doctoral advisor to gain admittance into the program, I later shuttered to leam what I really got myself into. As a woman charting new waters in a male dominated field, in her own [and rigorous way], Mimi held the light while I stumbled in the darkness through the long, and seemingly unending tunnel in a field to which I had no previous experience. In an unusual twist, I diligently obeyed and followed the path that she herself once traveled. She succeeded in leading where no others had and I am grateful for her vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction