STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE UTILIZATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF RICE Strategies and Technologies for the Utilization and Improvement of Rice Editors: Puji Lestari Karden Mulya Dwinita Wikan Utami Dani Satyawan Supriadi Mastur Strategies and Technologies for the Utilization and Improvement of Rice @2020 IAARD PRESS First Edition : 2020 All rights reserved @IAARD PRESS. Catalogue in Publication Strategies and Technologies for the Utilization and Improvement of Rice/editors, Puji Lestari ... [dkk.].—– Jakarta : IAARD Press, 2020. xviii, 482 pages: i18.; 21 cm. ISBN: 978-602-344-309-3 633.18-152 1. Rice 2. Genetic improvement 3. Technologies I. Lestari, Puji Editors: Puji Lestari Karden Mulya Dwinita Wikan Utami Dani Satyawan Supriadi Mastur Cover and layout designer: Creative Team of IAARD Press Publisher IAARD PRESS Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Jl. Ragunan No 29, Pasar Minggu, Jakarta 12540 Email: [email protected] IKAPI Member No: 445/DKI/2012 PREFACE SEAN countries are the main consumers of rice with the average consumption per capita of 2.5 times of the world A average. Therefore, improving rice production in the region is crucial for ensuring global food security. However, the increase in rice production is confronted with competition in land use that is driving agricultural land to be expanded in marginal areas and the negative impacts of climate change. In addition to growing population, these areas are not easily replaceable either, since climate change can accelerate when land opening and deforestation are carried out. To overcome those of the obstacles need new rice technologies including new environment adaptable varieties. This book aims to address those challenges, by first conducting a review of the approaches that have been conducted in the past, to identify areas that had been exploited successfully and other approaches that need to be further optimized to address the future challenges more effectively. New techniques that are beginning to be implemented or showing potentials for rice characterization and improvement in the future are also explored. In addition, rice genetic resources, which are the raw materials for rice improvement, also need to be considered. Each rice-consuming country typically has its own breeding program and genetic resource collection, and a closer collaboration for research and exchange of materials needs to be sought to expand the genetic and technological bases in each country. In particular, an important field of technology currently needed by Indonesia is cultivation technology for underutilized lands, with the emphasis v on swamplands. Therefore, the potential for productivity gains in these lands is quite significant. Several variables are open to improvement, including the choice of cultivars, agronomic practices, soil amelioration, and water management. This book constists three chapters covering policies, strategies, and tools on breeding program and use of local rice varieties, the potential of swamps land for the expansion of rice cultivation areas and available technology, and genetic diversity of local rice in swamp area and their use and development for rice production for it’s contribution to food security. This book contains articles those have been presented at the national workshop on “Co- development and Transfer of Rice Technologies” held in Banjarbaru-South Kalimantan, Indonesia, 2019, and some others are purposively written for this book. The purpose of this book is to introduce the scientific community and policy maker, the diversity of landraces/local variety and their use in breeding program and in rice production in swamp land. The chapter one covered the limiting factor in increasing rice production in Indonesia, People Democratic Republic of Lao, Malaysia, and the Philippine, including their policies and strategies in rice breeding program. It was described that landraces/local rice varieties in every country are potential genetic materials that should be stepped forward their genetic by means of a breeding approach in parallel with their conservation activities and preservation purposes. Research on genetic diversity supported molecular markers is required to facilitate the efficient use of local genetic resources. The chapter two described the characteristics, the limiting factors, and the available technologies for development of swampland as an alternative in expansion of rice farming area. Peatlands in tidal swamp ecosystems are often associated with pyrite layers located in the lower layers, which become acidic vi during the dry season. Most peat soils from the tidal swamp ecosystem are in the early stage in the decomposition of organic matter in the process of peat formation (“fibric”) and even more in the upper layer. Therefore, to develop tidal swampland to be productive land need proper management through the application of appropriate technology. The chapter three covered research on genetic diversity analysis and breeding program of rice for adaptation to swamp land ecosystem, and practical use both of local and modern varieties in production of rice in swamp area. The development of rice cultivation in tidal swamps has been in effect for a long time. The genetic diversity of rice in this area is rich, presumably due to variations in adaptation to existing natural challenges and local community habits. For this reason, the development of new varieties in swamps is not only a matter of overcoming environmental stresses but also fulfills community preferences. We wish to thank the Secretariat of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) for funding the conference and the preparation of this book and the Director General of the Indonesian Agency of Agriculture Research and Development (IAARD), Dr. Fadjry Djufry for publishing the book through the IAARD press and the Director of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD), Mastur, Ph.D for funding the final printing and multiplication of the book. Bogor, December 2020 Editors vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................ ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................... xiii PROLOGUE .................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................... 1 STRATEGY AND POLICY ON GENETIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FOR RICE BREEDING .................................. 1 RICE VARIETAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES ... 5 BREEDING STRATEGIES FOR RICE IN MALAYSIA ............ 25 BREEDING STRATEGY FOR RICE IN LAO PDR ................... 37 BIOTECHNOLOGY ON RICE IN INDONESIA: CURRENT PROGRESS AND FUTURE POTENCY FOR FARMER ........... 51 RICE BREEDING STRATEGY FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND VALUE ADDITION IN INDONESIA .............................. 67 THE CONTRIBUTION OF SWAMPLAND RICE FOR FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTH KALIMANTAN .................................... 83 DOI ASSIGNATION OF INDONESIA PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE TO SUPPORT EXCHANGE IN THE MULTILATERAL SYSTEM 93 ix CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................... 105 RICE TECHNOLOGIES ON PEAT-SWAMPY LANDS .......... 105 ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF RICE FARMING IN SWAMPLAND ......................................................................... 109 RATOON SYSTEM ON LOCAL RICE CULTIVATION IN TIDAL SWAMPLAND ................................................................. 125 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES TO INCREASE RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN TIDAL SWAMPLANDS ................ 143 SOIL PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTIVITY OF PADDY FIELDS IN THE TIDAL SWAMPLANDS OF KALIMANTAN ............................................................................. 163 BENEFITS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUD AND ITS EFFECT ON RICE (Oryza sativa) PLANTS IN THE BARITO RIVER SWAMP AREA ................................................................. 177 PROSPECT OF RICE FARMING FOR DEGRADED PEATLANDS MANAGEMENT IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA .................................................... 189 SUSTAINABILITY INDEX AND STATUS OF PADDY RICE FARMING TECHNOLOGY IN SIAK REGENCY, RIAU PROVINCE, INDONESIA ............................................................ 217 BIOFERTILIZER FOR IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF ACID SULFATE SOIL ON THE RICE CULTIVATION .......... 237 INCREASING RICE PRODUCTIVITY USING TECHNOLOGY PACKAGE OF "JAJAR LEGOWO SUPER" IN TIDAL SWAMP AREAS OF SOUTH KALIMANTAN ...... 251 SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN ACID SULFATE LAND WITH INTERCROPPING SYSTEM OF RICE AND CITRUS 265 x EFFECTIVITY OF BIO AMELIORANT TO INCREASE RICE PRODUCTIVITY IN SWAMPLANDS ........................................ 277 CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................... 289 MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF RICE GENETIC RESOURCES ................................................................................... 289 CO-DEVELOPMENT IN RICE BREEDING TECHNOLOGY FOR BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA .................................................. 293 CHARACTERIZATION AND POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT OF SIAM EPANG LOCAL RICE VARIETY IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN ................................. 315 ADAPTABILITY OF INPARA RICE VARIETIES