Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Development in Development EDITORS Sustainable Sustainable Achieving Achieving Raffaello Cervigniand HelenaNaber Jordan Country EnvironmentalAnalysis Achieving Sustainable Development in Jordan Country Environmental Analysis EDITORS Raffaello Cervigni and Helena Naber THE WORLD BANK ©2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank September 2010 Printed in Amman, Jordan All rights reserved The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] This study was prepared by the Sustainable Development Sector Department (MNSSD), Middle East and North Africa Region of the World Bank. This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The Inter- national Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dis- semination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN-10: 0-615-43180-1 ISBN-13: 9780615431802 Cover photos: Dreamstime | Top left: © Angelaostafichuk; Top right: Robert Paul Van Beets; Bottom right: Anndesign 101; and Bottom left: Bbbar. Editing: EEI Communications Design: ULTRAdesigns Table of Contents Foreword ............................................ xiii Preface ...............................................xv Acknowledgments .....................................xvii Acronyms & Abbreviations ..............................xxi Executive Summary and Recommendations ..................1 Chapter 1. Introduction and Rationale .....................23 1.1 Objectives .........................................24 1.2 Structure ..........................................24 1.3 Approach and caveats .................................26 Chapter 2. Key Environmental Issues in Jordan ..............27 2.1 Introduction .......................................27 2.2 Key environmental issues .............................28 2.3 Benchmarking Jordan’s environmental performance .........43 Chapter 3. The Cost of Environmental Degradation ..........51 3.1 Introduction and main findings .........................51 3.2 Air quality .........................................53 3.3 Water quality .......................................58 3.4 Land degradation ...................................62 3.5 Waste ............................................63 3.6 Coastal zone .......................................64 3.7 Conclusion ........................................65 iii Achieving Sustainable Development in Jordan | Country Environmental Analysis Chapter 4. Water Quality ................................67 4.1 Main messages ......................................67 4.2 Introduction: Water quality and water quantity .............70 4.3 Water resources in Jordan .............................73 4.4 Status of water resources quality ........................79 4.5 Pollution sources ....................................89 4.6 Institutional setup of water quality management ...........103 4.7 Policies and measures for water quality management ........110 Chapter 5. Air Pollution and Road Transport ...............125 5.1 Introduction and main messages .......................125 5.2 Land transport in Jordan .............................127 5.3 Air pollution from transport ..........................136 5.4 Prospects for the future ..............................146 5.5 Options for policy reform ............................149 5.6 Impact of policies ..................................155 5.7 Recommendations ..................................164 Chapter 6. Industrial Pollution ..........................167 6.1 Summary and key messages ...........................167 6.2 Introduction ......................................170 6.3 Overview of the industrial sector .......................172 6.4 Estimating industry’s environmental pressures .............184 6.5 Recommendations ..................................208 Chapter 7. Institutional Capacity Assessment ...............213 7.1 Introduction ......................................213 7.2 Legislative and institutional framework ..................215 7.3 Picking up signals ..................................219 7.4 Balancing interests ..................................229 7.5 Executing decisions .................................237 7.6 Conclusion .......................................254 Chapter 8. Recommendations ...........................255 8.1 Short term ........................................256 8.2 Medium to long term ...............................262 References ...........................................269 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF BOXES Box 2.1 Priority Issues To Be Addressed by Jordan’s Protected Areas Policy ...................................40 Box 2.2 Solid Waste Management: Recent Progress and Remaining Challenges .......................44 Box 4.1 Limitation of Available Water Quality Data ..........80 Box 4.2 Industrial Treatment Standards in Jordan ............98 Box 4.3 Overview of Recent Water Policies and Strategies in Jordan ....................................112 Box 5.1 Jordan’s New Transport Strategy and the Environment 130 Box 6.1 Classifications of Industrial Sector in Jordan .........174 Box 6.2 Mining .....................................176 Box 7.1 Overview of the World Development Report 2003 Framework ..................................214 Box 7.2 Environmental Law No. 52/2006 .................215 Box 7.3 The Aarhus Convention as Benchmark for Access to Environmental Information ..............223 Box 7.4 The World Bank Policy on the Use of Country Systems .............................248 v Achieving Sustainable Development in Jordan | Country Environmental Analysis LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Annual Cost of Environmental Degradation by Category, 2006 .............................5 Figure 2 Simplified Cost-Benefit Analysis of Macrolevel Water Quality Interventions ...........................9 Figure 3 Contributions to Air Emissions by Vehicle Type and by Pollutant ..........................11 Figure 4 Abatement Cost Curve of Air Pollution from Land Transport ...............................12 Figure 5 Abatement Cost Curves for Water Toxics ...........15 Figure 2.1 Monthly Exceedances of H2S and SO2 Monitored ....32 Figure 2.2 Safe Yields and Overabstraction from the 11 Nonfossil Basins, 2005 .........................33 Figure 2.3 Decline in Groundwater Level of Amman-Zarqa Basin 34 Figure 2.4 Cumulative Area under Protection ................38 Figure 2.5 Environmental Degradation in MENA Countries, 2006 ..............................48 Figure 3.1 Annual Cost of Environmental Degradation by Category in 2006 ...........................52 Figure 3.2 Impacts of Air Pollution ........................53 Figure 3.3 Impacts of Water Quality Degradation ............61 Figure 3.4 Impacts of Land Degradation ....................63 Figure 3.5 Impacts of Waste Collection and Disposal ..........64 Figure 4.1 Water Availability in the MENA Region ............71 Figure 4.2 Current and Projected Water Use in Agriculture ......72 Figure 4.3 Consolidated Average Annual Precipitation in Selected Meteorological Stations .................74 Figure 4.4 Historical and Projected Development of Water Resources Supply ........................75 Figure 4.5 Historical and Projected Development of Water Resources Use ..........................76 Figure 4.6 Streamflow of the Yarmouk River at Adasiya: Selected Statistics .............................78 Figure 4.7 Groundwater Extraction for Different Uses, 1990–2005 .................................79 Figure 4.8 Electric Conductivity in Selected Surface-Water Monitoring Stations, 1995–2007 .................81 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Figure 4.9 E. coli Concentrations in Selected Surface-Water Monitoring Stations, 1995–2007 .................81 Figure 4.10 Location of the Monitoring Stations Selected for the Analysis ....................................82 Figure 4.11 Water Resources with Different Salinity in the Jordan Valley, 1995–2007 .......................83 Figure 4.12 Section of Zarqa River with King Talal Reservoir and Junction with KAC ........................85 Figure 4.13 Groundwater Level and Electrical Conductivity in the Amman-Zarqa