2007-2010 CHINA NATIONAL REPORT ON HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES for XXV General Assembly of International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics （IUGG） Melbourne, Australia, June 2011 Prepared by Chinese National Committee for the International Association of Hydrological Sciences PREFACE The Chinese National Committee of IAHS is glad to provide the national report from 2007 to 2010 on hydrological science to the members of IUGG. The main developments in hydrological science contributed by Chinese Scientists in the past four years are included in this report. It involves the following aspects: hydrological cycle and surface water, groundwater, land erosion, snow and ice, water quality, water resources system, application of RS in the management of hydrology and water resources, soil-vegetation-atmosphere system in hydrological process, and application of isotope technique in the management and assessment of hydrology and water resources etc. This report can be considered as a contribution and authoritative record of the developments about the active fields in 2007-2010. It is available for reference to the scientists and professors engaged in these fields. I would like to express my appreciations to the Chinese National Committee for IUGG for the guidance and supports during my preparing the report, also to the authors, such as YANG Dawen, LIU Zhiyu (Chapter 1), WU Xiaofeng (Chapter 2), FU Xudong (Chapter 3), YE Baisheng, LIU Shiyin (Chapter 4), ZHOU Huaidong, LI cong (Chapter 5), JIA Yangwen (Chapter 6), LU Jingxuan, PAN Shibing (Chapter 7), YANG Dawen, CONG Zhentao (Chapter 8), SONG Xianfang (Chapter 9) particularly to Mr. LIU Zhiyu and YANG Dawen, for their hard editing job. Prof. ZHANG Jianyun Chairman of Chinese National Committee for IAHS CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................. 2 CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1 ADVANCES IN RESEARCH ON HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE AND SURFACE WATER ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 STUDY ON HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE ............................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Study on Elements of Hydrological Cycle ......................................................................... 8 1.2.2 Studies on Hydrological Cycle and Water Balance .......................................................... 11 1.3 STUDY ON SURFACE WATER ............................................................................................ 11 1.3.1 Study on Potamology ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3.2 Study on Limnology ......................................................................................................... 13 1.3.3 Study on Glacial Snow Cover and Permafrost ................................................................ 14 REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH ON GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION, UTILIZATION AND ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 GROUNDWATER EXPLOITATION, UTILIZATION AND PROBLEMS .................................... 20 2.1.1 Exploitation and Utilization of Groundwater ..................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Problems in the Process of Developing Groundwater ........................................................ 21 2.2 MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUNDWATER ................................................... 23 2.2.1 Groundwater Monitoring .................................................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Management of Groundwater ............................................................................................. 24 2.3 RESEARCH ON GROUNDWATER ANALYSIS...................................................................... 25 2.3.1 Assessment of Groundwater ................................................................................................ 25 2.3.2 Prediction of Groundwater Dynamic Analysis .................................................................... 26 2.3.3 Analysis and assessment of groundwater pollution ............................................................. 26 REFERENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3 STUDY PROGRESS ON LAND EROSION ...................................................... 29 3.1 POLICY BACKGROUND ON EROSION RESEARCH ...................................................... 29 3.2 STUDY PROGRESS ON SOIL EROSION THEORIES ...................................................... 30 3.2.1 Study on earthquake-induced land erosion...................................................................... 30 3.2.2 Study on macroscopical theories of soil erosion.............................................................. 33 3.2.3 Laboratory simulation on soil erosion ............................................................................ 35 3.3 STUDY PROGRESS ON SOIL EROSION MODELING ..................................................... 36 3.4 APPLICATION OF ADVANCED TECHNIQUE AND INTERDISCIPLINE ON EROSION RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................................... 37 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 4 PROGRESS IN STUDIES OF SNOW AND ICE ............................................... 44 4.1 GLACIERS CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON WATER RESOURCES ............................. 44 4.1.1 Glacier Change DuringRecent 50a ..................................................................................... 44 4.1.2． Glacier runoff .............................................................................................................. 47 4.1.3 Outburst floods of glacier lake ............................................................................................ 52 4.2 SNOW COVER VAIRATATION IN RECENT 50A OVER CHINA ..................................... 53 4.2.1 The Distribution of Snow Covers over China ..................................................................... 53 4.2.2 Seasonal Variation in Ssnow Covers ................................................................................... 54 4.2.3 The Fluctuation of Snow Covers during Recent 50a ........................................................... 55 4.2.4 Estimation of the Snow Covers Change in Future .............................................................. 56 4.2.5 Snowmelting runoff ............................................................................................................. 56 4.3 ．HYDROLOGY IN PERMAFROST REGIONS ................................................................ 57 4.3.1 hydrological regime and permafrost coverage in basin ...................................................... 57 4.3.2 Hydrological parameters change in basin with permafrost ................................................ 58 4.4 BIAS-CORRECTED PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY FOR CHINA ................................. 59 REFERENCECS ................................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 5 THE PROGRESSES OF WATER QUALITY RESEARCH IN CHINA ............... 64 5.1 OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................... 64 5.2 WATER PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ............................................. 67 5.3 WATER QUALITY AND SAFETY ........................................................................................... 70 5.4 WATER QUALITY STANDARD AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING METHOD ......... 74 5.5 WATER QUALITY PLANNING AND ASSESSMENT ............................................................ 75 5.6 WATER QUALITY SIMULATION AND CALCULATION ..................................................... 77 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 6 WATER RESOURCESS SYSTEM ........................................................................... 84 6.1 RESEARCH OF HYDROLOGY AND HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE ........................................ 84 6.1.1 Research of Water Resources Evaluation ............................................................................ 84 6.1.2 Research of Hydrological cycle under Nature-Manpower-Dualistic-Driver ...................... 84 6.1.3 New Techniques Used in Water Resources Evaluation ........................................................ 85 6.2 CONTINUABLE UTILIZATION OF WATER RESOURSE ..................................................... 85 6.2.1 Scheme of Water Resources 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