Small Grains Commodity-based Survey Guideline 31 March 2008 Last revision August 2010 Melinda Sullivan and Edward Jones USDA APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 1 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…5 Purpose of Document 5 What is a small grain? 5 Location of Surveys 8 Time Frame 8 Organisms to be Surveyed 8 Chapter 2: Survey Design & Sampling Methodology .………………………………………………………………..…..11 Introduction 11 Summary of Action Steps 11 Objective of Survey 12 Population to be Sampled 12 Data to be Collected 12 Degree of Precision Re- 13 quired The Frame 13 Selection of sampling plan 15 and sample selection Methods and Units of Meas- 19 ure Pre-test 21 The Organization of Field 21 Work Summary and Analysis of 21 Data Gaining Information for Fu- 21 ture Surveys Chapter 3: Summary of Survey Strategies…………………………………………………………………………………..22 Visual Survey 22 Trapping 28 Soil Sampling 28 Chapter 4: Pest Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29 Pests by affected plant part 29 Pests by available survey 30 method 2 Chapter 5: Detailed Survey Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………31 Autographa gamma 31 Copitarsia spp. 32 Diabrotica speciosa 33 Helicoverpa armigera 34 Heteronychus arator 36 Lobesia botrana 37 Nysius huttoni 39 Spodoptera littoralis 40 Spodoptera litura 41 Cernuella virgata 42 Cochlicella spp. 43 Heterodera filipjevi 44 Heterodera latipons 45 Meloidogyne artiellia 46 Peronosclerospora philippinensis 47 Chapter 6: Identification Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………48 Autographa gamma 48 Copitarsia spp. 51 Diabrotica speciosa 54 Helicoverpa armigera 56 Heteronychus arator 58 Lobesia botrana 60 Nysius huttoni 62 Spodoptera littoralis 64 Spodoptera litura 66 Cernuella virgata 68 Cochlicella spp. 69 Heterodera filipjevi 70 Heterodera latipons 72 Meloidogyne artiellia 74 Peronosclerospora philippinensis 76 Appendix A…………………………………...…………………………………………………………………………………………………..78 Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..85 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….90 3 Draft Log: The state of science is advancing faster than most documents in print can be updated. As such, this document is entitled “perpetual draft” with the intention of making updates as they are appropriate. Updates might include the inclusion of new high risk pests that are identified, inclusion of new survey methodology for existing pests, or removal of current pests that no longer pose a high risk or have become well established in the United States. In order to keep track of changes in the document, please find the draft log listed below. The date of the current draft is listed on the cover page. Original Submission: March 2008 Revised Submission: May 2008 August 2010: Added Diabrotica speciosa. Added Appendix M information and removed outdated informa- tion. Updated survey chapter and appendices. Adjusted scale of photographs. Fixed several typographic er- rors. Updated hyperlinks. 4 Chapter 1: Introduction Purpose of Document: Welcome to the Small Grains Commodity-based Survey Guideline. This docu- ment is intended to be a tool to assist you as you develop pest detection survey plans in your respective states for exotic pests of small grains. A detection survey determines the pres- ence or absence of a pest but does not delimit a pest or establish the preva- lence of a pest. This is a companion document to the Small Grains Commodity- based Reference, available at the CAPS website (Figure 1.1). The Small Grains Commodity-based Survey Reference is a collection of detailed datasheets on 20 pests, endemic pests easily confused with exotic pests, and potential vectors of exotic pests. These datasheets contain information on the biology, host range, survey strategies, and identification of these pests. The Small Grains Commodity-based Survey Guideline is the result of a concerted effort to help states focus resources on survey efforts and identification of a smaller group of target pests. This guide contains little information about biol- ogy. We must acknowledge that there is no silver bullet survey that would be wholly applicable to each state. Environment, personnel, budgets, and re- sources vary from state to state. However, as state participants in the Coopera- tive Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS), you can take steps to increase the uniform- Figure 1.1 Cover Page of the ity and usability of data across political, geographic, and climatic regions, while Small Grains Commodity –based Reference. This document con- maintaining flexibility for appropriateness within individual regions. This manual is tains pest datasheets on the not intended to be a field guide to identify exotic pests in the field and distin- most threatening exotic pests of guish the exotic pest from commonly occurring pests. The purpose of this man- small grains including information ual is to provide a framework to aid cooperators in collecting the best samples on biology, survey, and identifi- cation. The document is avail- to send to a qualified taxonomist or diagnostician for pest identification. Consid- able for download from the erable diagnostic or taxonomic expertise may already exist in your state. CAPS website. The survey methods described in this document combine survey strategies for exotic pests, including arthropods, plant pathogens, and nematodes. It is important to note that these broad categories have unique biological features that dictate current methods of survey. However, each category is grouped according to an appropriate sampling method within the context of this manual This Commodity-based Survey Guideline is intended to be implemented over several years with the initial field survey year beginning in FY 09. Portions of the recommendations may need clarification or adjustment as funding levels change, new threats are identified, or detection technologies improve. The transition to commodity based survey has just begun, and as such, end user feedback will be imperative to the creation of a useful end-product for small grains and other commodities of large economic importance. National sur- vey methodologies as established will take precedence over the methods described in this manual. Meth- ods listed in Appendix M of the National Survey Guidelines will also take precedence over the methods de- scribed. Table 1.1 Small grains value and usage What is a Small Grain? The small grains, Grain 2006 U.S. Value Primary usage wheat, barley, oats and rye, are collectively some of the most important food and feed crops Barley 497,573 Animal food, malting, in the United States. All of these important crops are grasses in the family Poaceae and are culti- Oat 174,288 Human and animal food vated worldwide. The four crop species were Forage, animal food treated as a group in this manual because of the Rye 23,519 similar pest problems and agronomic practices. Wheat 7,721,028 Human food, fermenta- Related crop species like rice will be reviewed in a separate manual. Total 8, 416,408 5 Chapter 1: Introduction Location of Surveys: Note that the locality scope of the Survey Guideline is limited to the contiguous United Time Frame: The Survey Guideline is States. The acreage by county is shown in Figure 1.2 and the intended to be carried out as a multi-year value for the top 5 producing states for each small grain survey. State and federal priorities, re- covered in this manual is shown in Figure 1.3. sources, and funding, however, may influ- ence whether the survey can be carried out for multiple years. Future versions of this manual may call for ongoing surveys following the same or a slightly modified Table 1.2. Pests targeted in the CAPS Small Grain Commodity protocol. The multi-year time frame has advantages because states will have more opportunity to collect data over a Scientific Name Common Name Type of Pest larger time-scale. Negative data col- lected over several years using a statisti- Autographa gamma Silver-Y moth Arthropod- cally based protocol can be influential in Moth scientific, political, and trade arenas. Copitarsia spp. Owlet moths Arthropod- Moth Diabrotica speciosa Cucurbit beetle Arthropod- beetle Helicoverpa armigera Old world bollworm Arthropod- Moth Heteronychus arator African black beetle Arthropod- beetle Lobesia botrana European grapevine Arthropod– moth Moth Organisms to be Surveyed: The Nysius huttoni Wheat bug Arthropod— scope of surveyed organisms within the Sur- bug vey Guideline is limited to a sub-group of pests from the Small Grains Commodity Sur- Spodoptera littoralis Egyptian cotton leaf- Arthropod- vey Reference from the FY 09’ Analytical worm Moth Hierarchy Process (AHP) Prioritized Pest List. Spodoptera litura Rice cutworm Arthropod- This sub-group includes 9 arthropods, 2 mol- Moth lusks, 3 nematodes, and 1 fungus-like plant pathogen. The scientific name and com- Cernuella virgata Maritime garden snail, Mollusk mon names of these pests are shown in Ta- white snail ble 1.2. Photos of each pest are given in Cochlicella spp. Conical snails Mollusk Figure 1.4, and the relative host status of each small grain is given in Table 1.3. Heterodera filipjevi Cereal cyst nema- Nematode tode Many of the pests targeted in this survey Heterodera latipons Mediterranean cereal Nematode can be detected visually or by collecting cyst nematode samples of plant tissues. As a result, 1-2 trips for each survey should be adequate. For Meloidogyne artiellia British root-knot nema- Nematode most of the arthropods, pheromone lures