Anolis Newsletter VI Edited by D. Luke Mahler Anthony Herrel Jonathan B. Losos i June 2, 2010 The Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University 26 Oxford St. Cambridge, MA 02138 USA All rights reserved. Names or nomenclatural acts in this work are disclaimed for nomenclatural purposes under ICZN 8.3. Front cover: The enigmatic, rostrally-endowed Anolis proboscis, from Ecuador. Reprinted with permission from Williams (1979; Breviora 449:1-19). Illustration by Laszlo Meszoly. ii In Memory of A. Stanley Rand (1932-2005) Stan Rand (left) with his former graduate advisor, Ernest Williams (right) at Soroa, Cuba in 1983. iii Preface On the first weekend of October in 2009, 125 anole biologists traveled from eight countries to Harvard University’s Museum of Comparative Zoology to attend the 6th Anolis Symposium. It had been 10 years since the previous symposium, and a reunion was long past due. In 2008, as we began to consider how to proceed with such an endeavor, a fortunate thing happened: the Herpetology Department at the MCZ renovated its library and teaching space – the famous lair of the late pater anolis, Ernest Williams. The library needed a namesake, and Ernest was under strong consideration (after all, he had been instrumental in filling its shelves!). After a brief period of friendly deliberation, it was decided that the library would be dedicated to Williams, and that the occasion would be the commencement of the 6th Anolis Symposium, held at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Anole biology has changed considerably in the last decade, and it’s been for the better! First and foremost, the field has grown explosively. The number of researchers, the variety of research disciplines, and the number of countries in which anole research is being conducted have all grown considerably in recent years. With nearly 400 named species, an extensive neotropical distribution, and an unmatched diversity of ecologies and morphologies, Anolis is well equipped for the increased attention. Also though, Anolis research has blossomed in exciting new directions. Perhaps of greatest note, the genome of Anolis carolinensis was recently sequenced, making the Green Anole a genetic model organism and opening the doors for an astounding variety of genetic, developmental, morphological, and evolutionary studies. Perhaps less conspicuously, advances in anole husbandry have enabled a wave of experimental and developmental studies. New tools and techniques have also taken studies of anole functional morphology to new levels of rigor. While such advances are pushing anole research in new directions, natural history remains at the heart of anole biology. From the surprising observation that anoles can navigate back to their territories from great distances (see contribution by Leal) to the discovery that mainland anole toe pads are less effective for clinging than toe pads in island anoles (see contribution by Crandell et al.), careful study of the basic ecology and biology of anoles continues to form the foundation for top notch science among anole biologists. In the midst of a decade of progress, we nonetheless bid farewell to one of our most loved colleagues since the last newsletter – Stan Rand. One of Ernest Williams’ first students, Rand made a lasting mark with his studies of anoles before blazing trails in numerous other areas of tropical biology and animal communication. Among other things, Stan helped pioneer the ecomorph concept, was among the first to quantify habitat partitioning in anole communities (e.g., the ‚Rand census‛), and carried out early studies of the role of the dewlap in communication. Stan shaped the careers of countless scientists and will be missed tremendously – we dedicate this newsletter to his memory.1 As with previous editions, this newsletter is an informal forum for the presentation of data and discussion of theory relevant to anoles. It serves three functions: to allow investigators to inform others of their current and future research; to provide an outlet for speculation and theoretical musings perhaps inappropriate for publication in more formal venues; and to give an opportunity to present data and ideas that otherwise might never be distributed. As with previous newsletters, there is a general request that nothing said herein be quoted without the authors’ express permission. Luke Mahler, Anthony Herrel, and Jonathan Losos Harvard University Cambridge, MA June 2, 2010 1 The previous newsletter (# V) was dedicated to the memory of Ernest Williams. iv Table of Contents Yasel U. Alfonso, Lourdes Rodríguez-Schettino, Jonathan B. Losos, D. Luke Mahler, Sandra Chapman, and Teresa Imbert …………………………………………………………...…………...…. 1 Geographic distribution, habitat use, and diet of Anolis imias on the southern coast of Guantanamo, Cuba María del Rosario Castañeda and Kevin de Queiroz ……………………………………….……… 11 Phylogenetic relationships of the Dactyloa clade, based on molecular and morphological data Wesley Chun ………………………………………………………………………………….…………. 14 Miscellaneous notes on some rare and unusual anoles Kristen Crandell, Kellar Autumn, and Anthony Herrel …………………………………...……… 23 Frictional adhesion and toe pad micro-morphology of mainland Anolis Luisa Dalla Valle and Lorenzo Alibardi……………………………….……………...………………28 Forty hard keratin-associated beta-proteins (beta-keratins) allow the formation of all types of scales, adhesive pads and claws in Anolis carolinensis Bryan Falk and Susan Perkins...………………………………………………………………………. 33 Parasite diversification in Caribbean anoles Leo J. Fleishman…………………………………………………………………………………………. 35 Visual motion detection by Anolis lizards and its influence on the evolution of visual display motion patterns Hannah K. Frank, D. Luke Mahler, and Liam J. Revell……………………………………………. 45 Testing for convergence in toepad morphology in mainland and Caribbean Anolis George Gorman …………………………………………………………………………………………. 56 Rip Van Winkle attends the Anolis Symposium, wakes up, and shares some thoughts S. Tonia Hsieh, Christopher J. Grassa, and Rob J. Kulathinal ……………………………...…….. 64 lizardbase: a new collaborative resource for lizard biology Raymond B. Huey, Hector J. Álvarez, Curtis A. Deutsch, George C. Gorman, Paul E. Hertz, Bradford C. Lister, Joshua J. Tewksbury, Robert M. Pringle, and John Wingfield ………….… 67 Proposed study of potential impacts of climate warming on Puerto Rican Anolis Michele A. Johnson …………………………………………………………………….………………. 71 The evolution of anole behavior: ecological and physiological approaches Ava Gaa Ojeda Kessler ………………………………………………………………………………… 75 The Culebra Island Giant Anole (Anolis roosevelti) A. Ross Kiester and D. Luke Mahler ………………….………………………..……………………. 89 Anolis conservation: Formation of an IUCN taxon specialist group for anoline lizards Kenro Kusumi and Jeanne Wilson-Rawls ……………………………………..……………………. 91 Development of functional genomic resources, a gene expression database, and cell culture reagents for molecular analysis of Anolis carolinensis: http://anolisgenome.org Simon P. Lailvaux, Anthony Herrel, and Michele Johnson………...…………...………………… 94 The evolution of testes size in Caribbean Anolis lizards v Manuel Leal …………………………………………………………………………...………………...101 Homing behavior and the principle of unsympathetic magic Penny D. Leininger, Robert Powell, and Matthew E. Gifford ……………………...…………….104 Hanging on for dear life: a study of Anolis claws in arboreal and aquatic species Jonathan B. Losos and Anthony Herrel……...………...……………………………….…………….108 Future research on differences in patterns of evolutionary diversification in island and mainland anoles D. Luke Mahler …...………………………………………………...………………….……………….115 Natural history observations for two montane anole species from the Dominican Republic D. Luke Mahler, Liam J. Revell, Richard E. Glor, and Jonathan B. Losos……….…...………….125 Ecological opportunity and the rate of morphological evolution in the diversification of Greater Antillean anoles Gregory C. Mayer ……………………………………………………………………….………………136 Earliest records of Anolis bimaculatus (sensu lato) from the Virgin Islands Gregory C. Mayer ……………………………………………………………………….……………...138 Ecological distribution of the Puerto Rican crested anole, Anolis cristatellus cristatellus, in Cahuita, Costa Rica Gregory C. Mayer ……………………………………………………………………….………………144 Ernst Mayr, Ernest E. Williams, and the nondimensional species concept Walter E. Meshaka, Jr. ………………………………………………………………………..………...145 Summer anoles, some are not: differences in the activity patterns of Anolis equestris and A. sagrei in South Florida Stéphan Montuelle, Gheylen Daghfous, and Vincent Bels ……………………….……………...152 Integration of trophic and locomotor performance during prey-capture behavior in Anolis carolinensis: effects of the substrate diameter. Martha M. Muñoz and James Hewlett...…………………….…………………….…………………162 Ecomorphological response of Anolis lividus to volcanic activity on Montserrat Martha M. Muñoz, Anthony Herrel, Kristen Crandell, and Mahmood Sasa…………………..163 Natural history of aquatic anoles from Costa Rica and Panamá Julienne Ng and Richard Glor ………………………………………………………………...….…..164 Dewlap color variation and reproductive isolation in Anolis distichus Steven Poe …………………………………………………………………………………………..…..169 Anolis research in the Poe lab Steven Poe ………………………………………………………………………………..……………..171 Finding Anolis proboscis Alejandro Sanchez …………………………………………………………..…………………………174 Observations on sleeping behavior of Anolis occultus and A. cuvieri in Puerto Rico vi Thomas J. Sanger, Kenro Kusumi, Juli Wade, Doug B. Menke, Arhat Abzhanov, Travis