Optical System Design and Distortion Control of Wide Field of View, All-Reflective Imagers Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Johnson, Timothy Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 03/10/2021 20:28:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/636664 OPTICAL SYSTEM DESIGN AND DISTORTION CONTROL OF WIDE FIELD OF VIEW, ALL-REFLECTIVE IMAGERS by Tim P. Johnson __________________________ Copyright © Tim P. Johnson 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the COLLEGE OF OPTICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you Professor Sasian, for your education and guidance in optical design. Your papers on optical design and aberration theory are groundbreaking. I truly appreciate your kind and professional support through the years from my Master’s thesis to this PhD dissertation. Thank you to the committee members Professor Liang and Professor Schwiegerling for your review and feedback of my dissertation. It has been great working with you. Thank you Lacy Cook for introducing me to the topic of all-reflective, wide field of view systems, for your lunch-time classes, our many discussion on optical systems, and your pioneering optical designs. Thank you Devon Crowe for your insightful review of this dissertation and your inspiring optical innovations in so many fields, a path I hope to follow. 3 DEDICATION To my father, for inspiring me in math and science with your vast knowledge, and for your guidance in life’s big choices. To my mother, for your encouragement and compassion, for always being on my side, and for giving me the confidence to believe in myself. To my wife Elia, for supporting me thru this long process, for countless weekends watching Colton while I studied, and for your shared excitement in the completion of this degree. This would not be possible without you. 4 CONTENTS CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................ 8 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ 12 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 13 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 16 1.1. OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................... 16 1.2. CHAPTER SUMMARIES ................................................................................................ 18 2. ABERRATIONS....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1. WAVEFRONTS AND RAYS ........................................................................................... 21 2.2. CONFOCAL IMAGING SYSTEMS ................................................................................ 22 2.3. PERFECT IMAGING OVER A FIELD ........................................................................... 24 2.4. PRIMARY ABERRATIONS ............................................................................................ 25 2.5. DISTORTION ................................................................................................................... 27 2.6. PETZVAL SUM ................................................................................................................ 38 3. BILATERAL SYMMETRIC ABERRATIONS....................................................................... 41 3.1. BILATERAL SYMMETRIC WAVEFRONT FUNCTION ............................................. 41 3.2. THE FIELDS OF SMILE, KEYSTONE, AND ANAMORPHISM ................................. 45 3.3. CALCULATING KEYSTONE AND SMILE IN OFF-AXIS MIRROR SYSTEMS ...... 48 4. OFF-AXIS 3-MIRROR DESIGN FORMS .............................................................................. 56 4.1. 3-MIRROR DESIGN OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 56 4.2. 3-MIRROR DESIGN CONFIGURATIONS ..................................................................... 58 5. OPTICAL SYSTEM DESIGN ................................................................................................. 65 5.1. SENSOR DESIGN PARAMETERS ................................................................................. 65 5.2. SCANNING OPTICAL SYSTEMS .................................................................................. 72 5.3. TIME DELAY INTEGRATION ....................................................................................... 77 5.4. SYSTEM PERFORMANCE MODEL .............................................................................. 80 6. OPTICAL ORTHORECIFICATION ....................................................................................... 86 6.1. DISTORTION TO COUNTER CURVED EARTH ......................................................... 90 6.2. KEYSTONE DISTORTION AND PIXEL AGGREGATION IN WHISKBROOM OPTICAL SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 94 6.3. OPTICAL DESIGN WITH BENEFICAL DISTORTION ............................................... 96 5 7. FREEFORM OPTICS ............................................................................................................... 98 7.1. FREEFORM OPTICS OVERVIEW ................................................................................. 98 7.2. FREEFORM MIRROR BENEFITS ................................................................................ 100 8. 120° FOV 4-MIRROR DESIGN ............................................................................................ 103 8.1. DESIGN OVERVIEW .................................................................................................... 103 8.2. OPTICAL PERFORMANCE .......................................................................................... 109 8.3. MIRROR SURFACE SAG .............................................................................................. 112 8.4. DISTORTION PER SURFACE ...................................................................................... 115 8.5. PUPIL ABERRATIONS ................................................................................................. 117 8.6. ZERNIKE VS FIELD (ZVF) PLOTS ............................................................................. 122 8.7. RELATIVE ILLUMINATION ........................................................................................ 135 9. THE COST OF DISTORTION CONTROL........................................................................... 141 9.1. DISTORTION VS WFE, OFF-AXIS CONCAVE MIRROR ......................................... 141 9.2. DISTORTION VS WFE, OFF-AXIS CORRECTOR PLATE ....................................... 144 9.3. DISTORTION VS WFE, 2MA ....................................................................................... 145 10. 70° FOV 4-MIRROR DESIGN WITH BENEFICIAL DISTORTION ............................... 148 10.1. DESIGN OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 148 10.2. OPTICAL PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................ 152 11. 2D FOV TRADE STUDY .................................................................................................... 155 11.1. 90X12° FOV DESIGN .................................................................................................. 155 11.2. 60X20° FOV DESIGN .................................................................................................. 159 12. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 162 APPENDIX A. SENSOR MODEL DETAILS ........................................................................... 164 A.1. SENSOR-ORBIT CALCULATIONS ............................................................................ 164 APPENDIX B. MATLAB CODE .............................................................................................. 166 B.1. ZERNIKE ABERRATION POLYNOMIAL TO MONOMIALS ................................. 166 B.2. BILATERALLY SYMMETRIC DISTORTION FIELD MAPS ................................... 167 B.3. RELATIVE ILLUMINATION VS PUPIL MAGNIFICAITON AND DISTORTION . 169 B.4. YNU RAYTRACE OF 3-MIRROR SYSTEM ............................................................... 169 B.5. MTF PLOTS OF PIXEL SIZE AND SCAN SMEAR ................................................... 170 APPENDIX C. ACRONYM LIST ............................................................................................. 172 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 173 6 7 LIST OF