UNIT I THE O'ODHAM O'ODHAM VILLAGE LIFE 11 Students will participate in simulated O'odham cultural activities to include an O’odham language lesson and role-playing various daily tasks such as food preparation, games, weaving and pot making. PAGE 1.7 CREATE AN O'ODHAM VILLAGE 22 Students will place a fictional O'odham village along a Santa Cruz River map while using their knowledge of cultural needs and climate restrictions. They will describe the advantages of their chosen site and draw a sketch of their village. PAGE 1.17 UNIT I - ARIZONA STATE STANDARDS - 2006 Lesson 1 - The O'odham SUBJECT STANDARD DESCRIPTION S1 C2 PO1 describe cultures of prehistoric people in the Americas S1 C2 PO2 describe cultures of Mogollon, Anasazi, Hohokam SOCIAL S1 C3 PO3 describe the location and cultural characteristics of Native STUDIES Americans S4 C5 PO1 describe human dependence on environment and resources to satisfy basic needs S1 C4 PO2 use context to determine word meaning S1 C4 PO3 determine the difference between figurative and literal language S1 C6 PO1 predict text content READING S1 C6 PO2 confirm predictions about text S2 C1 PO1 identify the conflict of a plot S2 C1 PO5 describe a character's traits S1 C1 PO1 generate ideas WRITING S1 C1 PO5 maintain record of ideas MATH S4 C1 PO2 identify a tessellation (mat weaving) SCIENCE S4 C3 PO1 describe how resources are used to meet population needs Lesson 2 - Create an O'odham Village SUBJECT STANDARD DESCRIPTION S1 C2 PO1 describe the cultures of prehistoric people in the Americas S1 C2 PO2 describe the cultures of Mogollon, Anasazi, Hohokam SOCIAL S1 C3 PO3 describe the location and cultural characteristics of Native STUDIES Americans S4 C1 PO1 use map to solve problems S4 C5 PO1 describe human dependence on environment and resources SCIENCE S4 C3 PO1 describe ways resources are used to meet population needs Unit I - THE O'ODHAM - BACKGROUND INFORMATION The people who lived along Here they would hunt and STORYTELLING, the Santa Cruz River when eat any wild plants they could CEREMONIES AND the Spanish came were called find. The late winter and spring LANGUAGE the Sobaípuri, a branch of was a hungry time for the Storytelling plays a very the O’odham or Pima people. O'odham. important role in O’odham They farmed, hunted, and The Akimel O'odham (river life. For centuries, history, gathered along the Santa Cruz people, called Pima by the tradition, and culture have been and San Pedro Rivers and in Spanish) lived in permanent passed from one generation the nearby desert. villages in Central Arizona to the next through stories Unfortunately, very little is along the Gila, upper San and songs. The O'odham have known about the Sobaipuri, Pedro and upper Santa Cruz traditional ceremonies that because they no longer exist. rivers. Because they usually mark different seasons and Many died and others got traditions in their culture, such married to members from other as the Saguaro Wine Feast tribes. They were believed to (June 21st-the O'odham New have similar customs to those Year), the Salt Pilgrimage to of the neighboring O'odham, the Gulf of Mexico, and the whom we know a lot about. Deer Dance in the Fall. During The Tohono O'odham these ceremonies people sing, (desert people) still live in the dance, and tell creation legends Sonoran Desert of Arizona and other stories. O’odham and Mexico. They are also legends, therefore, are not just known as the Papago, the fun stories, but an important name given to them by the passing on of tradition and Spanish. Historically, in the language. The O'odham summer they lived in "field had a steady source of water language is also very important villages" located in the desert. year-round, they were able to them as it includes words They grew crops of corn, to grow more crops in their that are special just to the tepary beans, and squash along fields and to stay in permanant O'odham. (The O'odham dry arroyos or washes. Their villages. language is a member of the Uto- crops were then watered when The O’odham nation believe Aztecan language family, distantly the monsoon rains came. They themselves to be descendants related to Yaqui, Hopi, Comanche also collected wild food like of the ancient Hohokam and Ute, among others.) mesquite beans and all kinds civilization or “those who of cacti. In the winter they came before.” Their culture moved to "well villages" in the is rich and colorful, often mountains where they found reflected in traditional activities temporary springs. such as stories, dances, etc. The O'odham Page 1.1 Unit I - THE O'ODHAM - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Traditional Naming of an receive the first rays of the O'odham Homes O'odham Child rising sun; then he gives the The O'odham built their An important ceremony is the boy the name by which he house by digging a round flat naming of their children. will be known throughout hole in the ground about a foot life. However, nicknames deep. This hole kept the house are common and often are cooler in the summer and used instead of the baptismal warmer in the winter. Then name. If it is a girl, the kamult, they would put 4 posts in and godmother, delivers the speech some wood beams to connect and gives the name. The them (made from mesquite tree Before a child is a year parents in their turn name the trunks and branches). Next they old, the child is named by children of godparents that would pile other branches and friends of the parents in the just named their own child. brush to make their round pit following manner: the friends, “From the age of ten until house. They would also build a or godparents, accompanied about the time of marriage ramada near their pit house. A by other visitors, come for neither boys nor girls are ramada is made by standing up four mornings in a row. Before allowed to speak their own four poles and placing smaller sunrise, they sit on the ground names. The penalty is bad luck branches on top to make in front of the house where the in losing arrows in the case shade. They would use the pit child lives. First one and then of the boys, and the rsalika or house to sleep in, everything another of the company holds kiaha stick for girls." else would be done under a the child for a moment. If it is “The name of a [dead] ramada. a boy, the kompalt (godfather) person is not used; he is repeats a ceremonial speech, [thought of] as the brother of passing his hands across the So-and-So. The word or words baby and holds him up to in the name, however, are not dropped from the language. Page 1.2 The O'odham Unit I - THE O'ODHAM - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Gathering and Basketry Games Tattooing The O'odham use more than Games were traditionally The O’odham practiced 450 desert plants for food, played by only boys or only both tattooing and body building materials, clothes, girls. It was a cultural taboo to painting.They usually tattooed medicine, and everything else. mix them. Only boys played boys and girls during their The desert was their grocery Ginz, the Pima Stick Game. teens between fifteen and store. They have been making The same would apply for an twenty years of age. baskets for centuries. This activity like food preparation, strong tradition continues done only by women. Both today. boys and girls performed duties such as tattooing and pottery, although most likely, males and females worked apart. Designs were first outlined in charcoal. The skin then was pricked with needle points dipped in wet charcoal. (Needle Baskets were first made points were made by using two strictly for practical uses, such to four Prickly Pear or Saguaro as transporting and storing thorns tied with sinew and materials, and food gathering. cotton.) They usually tattooed Some baskets were even used boys along the margin of as cooking containers. Hot the lower eyelid and with rocks were placed in a basket a horizontal line across the which was then filled with temple. Generally they made wet grain. The main materials a band design across the used for basket weaving are forehead with a series of lines bear grass, yucca leaves, or. short vertical zigzags. Like devil’s claw, and roots. No the boys they decorated the dyes are used. The natural girls along the lower eyelid. materials give the baskets their Two vertical lines pierced on distinctive colors. Although each side of the chin ran from most baskets today are used the top to the lower portion for decorative purposes, their of the jaw. On occasion these quality and attractiveness have two lines were connected remained unchanged. under the lip. Painting was then used to emphasize the tattoos. The O'odham Page 1.3 Unit I - THE O'ODHAM - BACKGROUND INFORMATION Wild Foods and Hunting Other Natural Resources The O' odham also gathered The O'odham stored much The land provided many many wild plant foods. Some of their food for use in lean other resources for the like mesquite beans (peshitas) times, like winter. Many foods O'odham. Baskets were were staples. They were were dried for storage. Fruits made using beargrass, gathered in large quantities were often made into jam or willow, cottonwood, yucca throughout the year. syrup. and agave. Clay was dug to make pottery.