MALI CRISIS: A MIGRATION PERSPECTIVE June 2013 Wrien by Diana Carer Edited by Sarah Harris Review Commiee Patrice Quesada Peter Van der Auweraert Research Assistance Johanna Klos Ethel Gandia ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! Birak Dawra UmmalAbid Smaracamp ! ! I-n-Salah Laayoune ! June 2013 ● www.iom.int ● [email protected] MALI CRISIS: A MIGR!!ATION PERSPECTIVE ! ! Smara ! Dakhlacamp Reggane Lemsid ! Illizi ! Tmassah ! BirLehlou ! Pre-crisis Patterns and Flows Marzuq ! ! ! Chegga Arak EUROPE BirMogrein Malian Diaspora ! 6 68,7863 Ghat 2,531 MALIANS FRANCE ● 2010 ASYLUM SEEKERS ! Jan - Dec 2012 Djanet ! Malian Diaspora Tajarhi 185,144 301,027 21,5893 SPAIN ● 2010 ! TOTAL MALIAN CROSS BORDER MOVEMENTS TOTAL INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDPS) InAmguel INTO NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ● as of May 2013 INSIDE MALI ● as of April 2013 228,918 as of 14 Jan 2013 ALGERIA TOTAL MALIAN REFUGEES 176,144 ! ! Taoudenni ! ! Tamanrasset FderikZouirat as of May 2013 30,000 Malian Returnees from Libya12 144,329 as of 10 Jan 2013 as of Dec 2012 11,248 assisted by IOM 4 TOTAL OTHER MOVEMENTS OF MALIANS 9,000 as of May 2012 MALI 1,500 Malian Refugees 10 as of 1 Apr 2013 registered with UNHCR Malian Diaspora 3 ! 1,500 as of 10 Jan 2013 12,815 Malian Diaspora MAURITANIA ● 2010 Djado 69,7903 ! Malian Diaspora NIGER ● 2010 Atar 17,5023 Tessalit SENEGAL ● 2010 ! Boghassa Malian Diaspora 9 ! Tinzaouaten 3 Malian Diaspora ! Malian Diaspora 68,295 15,624 Refugees BURKINA FASO ● 2010 3 15,2763 133,464 9 5 Aguelhok 10,000 Malians GUINEA ● 2010 NIGERIA ● 2010 2,497 Asylum Seekers ! Malian Diaspora as of 3 Apr 2012 inside Mali ● as of Jan 2012 STRANDED AT ALGERIAN BORDER 440,9603 Araouane COTE D’IVOIRE ● 2010 MAURITANIA ! ! Malian Diaspora Malian Diaspora 1 Arlit 3 6,0113 ! KIDAL 31,306 Tidjikdja 28,645 IDPs GABON ● 2010 REP. OF CONGO ● 2010 H as of Oct 2012 Anefis ! 74,108 Malian Refugees 8 Legends and Description 1 as of 5 May 2013 registered with UNHCR 21,764 IDPs as of Oct 2012 Movement of irregular migrants ! ! 54,259 as of 10 Jan 2013 ! Gourma-Rharous Bourem ! TIMBUKTU ! ! from Africa to Northern Africa MagtaLajar ! ! Agadez H Ber 1 ! Cross-border movements 11 ! RaselMa and Europe through Mali ! ! 25,977 IDPs ! Kiffa AyounelAtrous Nema Goundam ! GAO as of Aug 2012 Dire ! ! H Internal movement of displaced Human trafficking going through ! Timbedra ! Kaedi Niafunke Menaka Mali 13 14 ! Gossi ! populations Lere ! !! ! Ansongo ! !! N'Tillit ! Inabao ! Anderamboukane NIGER Movement of Malians entering ! M'Bera Youvarou ! ! ! ! Regions affected by human NioroduSahel Nara !Nampala Yelimane ! ! ! Europe (Asylum Seekers) Koundel ! ! 1 ! ! trafficking activities ! 1 Douentza Selibaby 54,084 IDPs Konna ! ! ! 27,983 IDPs Gandafabou ! ! ! as of ! ! 1 Sokolo Apr 2013 ! ! as of Apr 2013 ! !!! !! Tahoua Seasonal movements of Movement of Malian returnees KAYES 5,252 IDPs Diema !Diabaly MOPTI Koutougou !! Abala Diboli as of Apr 2013 ! ! Sangha Fer!rerio pastoralist and labour migrants from Libya ! H HSevare ! !! ! Mangaize Niono ! GoromGorom ! ! Bandiagara Damba ! Bankass ! ! Dori ! Nguigmi ! ! Tillaberi Goure Didieni Djenne Djib!!o !! !! Mao Bafoulabe ! ! Madaoua Mali ! Urbanization tendencies ! ! Mentao Goudebo ! ! Tambacounda Banamba ! NIAMEY BirniNkonni Zinder Goure ! SEGOU ! ! ! Ouenkoro Ouahigouya ! \! 7 ! H San Tominian ! ! ! 50,515 Malian Refugees Maradi ! Bol ! Sebba 1 Niamey Diffa Kita ! as of 20 May 2013 registered with UNHCR ! KOULIKORO ! ! ! 46,817 IDPs REFUGEE! S LOCATIONS ! ! ! Camp ! Settlement ! Centre Undetermined SENEGAL Tougan ! Kaya 49,7D4o8s asos of 10 Jan 2013 Sokoto 1 H as of Apr 2013 Yako Bogande Katsina ! ! 77,501 IDPs ! B! URKINA FASO Nguru Gashua Satadougou ! ! ! ! \! Nouna ! !OUAGBoAulsDa OUGOU 7 ! as of Apr 2013 Koutiala ! ! Kedougou ! Ziniare 5,000 Malians Koundara ! ! ! Dedougou \! BirninKebbi BAMAKO ! ! as of ! Reo ! 20 May 2013 ! ! Zorgo Sources: 1. CMP, 2013a; 2. IOM internal documents; 3. IOM, 2013h; 4. IOM, 2011b; 5. OCHA, 2013d; Solenzo Somgan! de Koupela ! ! Gusau \! Kangaba ! Mali ! FadaNgourma Diapaga 6. UNHCR, 2012a; 7. UNHCR, 2013a; 8. UNHCR, 2013c; 9. UNHCR, 2013e; 10. UNHCR, 2013f; 8 ! ! 7 Kano ! ! ! ! 49,975 Malian Refugees Gaya 11. Ballo, 2009; 12. UNSC, 2012; 13. IRIN, 2012a!; 14. USDOS, 2012 Maiduguri NDJAMENA ! Gaoual ! Tenkodogo 3,991 Nigerien Returnees Dutse ! Potiskum Damaturu Bougouni as of 22 Apr 2013 registered with UNHCR Manga ! Azare ! ! SIKASSO as of 20 May 2013 ! ! Sapouy ! Funtua Bama ! Tongue ! Siguiri !! H 38,776 as of 10 Jan 2013 Koko Spatial data sources: http://geoportal.unhcr.org/arcgis/rest/services/unhcr/Refugee_Camp/MapServer; ! ! Labe Dinguiraye ! ! ! ! ! http://geoportal.logcluster.org/; http://www.naturalearthdata.com/ 8 Faragouaran BoboDioulasso Po ! Pita ! ! Leo Kandi Zaria ! 26 Malian Refugees 1 Bawku Orodara Diebougou ! Telimele as of 11 !Jan 2013 registered with UNHCR 13,004 IDPs BENIN ! ! ! Bolgatanga This map is for illustrative purpose only. Names and boundaries on this map do not imply official endorsement or Dabola as of Apr 2013 ! ! Dalaba Kouroussa Banfora acceptanc!e by IOM. Biu ! Maroua ! ! ! ! Kaduna ! ! ! Fria Mamou Kankan Mango Kontagora ! ! ! ! Gaoua Natitingou Bauchi Gombe Mubi Bongor ! ! ! 8 ©IOM, 2013 ! Kindia Faranah Wa ! Kumo ! GUINEA 20 Malian Refugees Jos Guider ! CONAKRY ! GHANA as of 11 Jan 2012 registered with UNHCR ! ! ! Djougou \! ! ! Ferkessedougou ! Minna ! ! Odienne ! Garoua ! Korhogo Numan ! ! ! Forecariah ! Tamale Yendi ! ! ! 2 Parakou ! Pala SIERRA Kerouane Bassar Kelo Kissidougou 4,000 Malians ! Yola Langui ! ! \! NIGERIA Bida ! ! as of Nov 2012 Sokode ! Jalingo Makeni ! ABUJAKeffi LEONE Gueckedou ! ! !! ! Beyla ! ! ! ! \! !Ma!ce!nta!! Sotouboua Ilorin Lafia Koidu Voinjama ! CÔTE D'IVOIRE Ogbomosho FREETOWN Kouankan Touba ! ! !! ! ! ! ! TOGO Oyo ! Mbe ! Nzerekore Bondoukou ! Oshogbo Lokoja ! Bo Seguela ! Iseyin ! ! Makurdi Kontcha ! Bouake ! Kenema ! !! Wukari ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Table of Contents T TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms 4 Introducon 5 1 PART I: MIGRATION TRENDS AND FLOWS IN MALI PRIOR TO JANUARY 2012 6 1. Internal Migraon Trends: Increased urbanizaon and food insecurity 7 2. Circular Migraon: Important and complex flows including pastoralist movements 8 3. Migraon Routes through Mali: From cross-border movements to smuggling and trafficking of people 8 4. Foreign Populaons in Mali: Centred on regional migraon 9 5. Malians Abroad: A significant diaspora 9 2 PART II: MIGRATION CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRISIS AND RESPONSE IN MALI AND BEYOND 11 1. Large Scale Internal Displacement 13 2. Cross-Border Flows and Impact on Neighbouring Countries and Beyond 15 3. Other Crisis-affected Mobility Paerns and Flows 17 4. Response to the Crisis in Mali and Beyond 18 5. Post-Crisis Transion and Stabilizaon 19 3 PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS 20 1. Ensure a Two-Pronged Approach: Humanitarian assistance and protecon as well as support for transion and recovery 20 2. Strengthen Informaon Collecon and Management 20 3. Establish a Regional Approach to the Migraon Crisis Affecng Mali 20 4. Support Stabilizaon and Transion Acvies as an Immediate Strategic Goal inside Mali 21 5. Plan for Durable Soluons, Including Return and Reintegraon Acvies, in a Careful and Strategic Manner 21 6. Invest in Building Peace and an Open Democrac Process 21 7. Address Migraon and Border Management in Mali and in the Region from a Security Perspecve, and Complement with Livelihood and Income-Generaon Support for Border Communies 22 References 23 page 3 Mali Crisis: A Migration Perspective Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon A ACRONYMS ACTED Agency for Technical Cooperaon and UEMOA West African Economic and Monetary Development Union AGIR Sahel Global Alliance for Resilience Iniave - UNCTAD United Naons Conference on Trade Sahel and Development CAP Consolidated Appeal Process UNDESA United Naons Department of Economic and Social Affairs CERPOD Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur la Populaon pour le Développement UNDP United Naons Development Programme CMP Commission on Populaon Movements UNEP United Naons Environment CNCR Naonal Commission for Refugees Programme CRS Catholic Relief Services UNHCR United Naons High Commission for DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix Refugees ECHO European Commission, DG for UNOM United Naons Office for Mali Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protecon UNSC United Naons Security Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African UNWTO United Naons World Tourism States Organisaon EPAM Enquête Emploi Permanente Auprès USDOS United States Department of State des Ménages WASH Water, Sanitaon and Hygiene FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network WFP World Food Programme GDP Gross Domesc Product GNI Gross Naonal Income IDP Internally Displaced Person IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IOM Internaonal Organizaon for Migraon MINUSMA Muldimensional Integrated Stabilizaon Mission for Mali MNLA Naonal Movement for the Liberaon of Azawad MPLA Mouvement Populaire de Libéraon de l’Azawad MSF Médecins Sans Fronères NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OCHA United Naons Office for Coordinaon of Humanitarian Affairs OECD Organisaon for Economic Co- operaon and Development SAARA Service d’Aide et Assistance aux Réfugiés et Apatrides page 4 Introduction I INTRODUCTION This paper aims to broaden policy discussions and research on and malnutrion in 2012 (due to a drought in 2011, high food the Mali crisis through a disncve analysis of the various prices and low agricultural producon) and the chronic nature paerns of human mobility that have been generated or of food insecurity, malnutrion and erosion