The Historical Journal (2021), 1–31 doi:10.1017/S0018246X2100011X ARTICLE A Distant Reading of Legal Dissertations from German Universities in the Seventeenth Century Luca Scholz University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Email: [email protected] Abstract Scholars and students at early modern European universities wrote hundreds of thou- sands of dissertations. One reason why these sources have long been neglected is that they defy any individual’s capacity for close reading. This article adopts a digital distant reading approach to uncover long-term trends in the titles of over 20,000 legal disserta- tions written at German universities during the seventeenth century. Providing a path- way into a forbidding archive, the article highlights the dissertations’ interest for the history of jurisprudence and its receptiveness to social change, the history of univer- sities and academic publishing, baroque rhetoric, and cultural, political, and economic history. The titles reveal a markedly declining interest in civil law, with topical issues like debt and marriage eluding this trend. Initially, dissertations were often written in dialogic form, but these were gradually supplanted by more single-voiced and mono- graphic texts. Jurists increasingly preferred sharply delineated, diverse, and often ori- ginal subjects, writing about anything from somnambulism to pearl fishing. The way in which seventeenth-century jurists expanded the scope of their writing reflects broader revaluations of scholarly curiosity and baroque polyhistorism as well as the heightened stature of an epistemic community that interpreted ever more spheres of life through its own categories. This is what the title of a law dissertation written at a German university looked like in 1602: Tres decades controversarum iuris quaestionum ex materia de servitutibus tam urbanorum quam rusticorum praediorum selectarum1 (Thirty controversial law questions selected from the matter of servi- tudes, both in urban and rural estates) 1 Ortolph Fomann and Johann Friedrich Renger, Tres decades controversarum iuris quaestionum ex materia de servitutibus tam urbanorum quam rusticorum praediorum selectarum (Jena, 1602). © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re- use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 30 Sep 2021 at 16:57:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X2100011X 2 Luca Scholz And here is a dissertation title from less than one century later, in 1687: De iure circa somnum & somnia, Von Recht Des Schlaffs und der Träume2 (Of the law concerning sleep and dreams, Of the law of sleep and dreams) The difference could hardly be more pronounced, both thematically and meth- odologically. In the course of the seventeenth century, German jurists increas- ingly set aside established subjects like servitudes, a classic institution of civil law, and engaged with themes that were more thematically focused, diverse, and sometimes highly imaginative, ranging from the law of calculation errors3 to the law of shadows.4 Increasingly abandoning the scholastic question– answer format and sometimes even embracing the German vernacular in their titles, jurists created a collection of single-voiced, monographic disserta- tions that is so diverse, wide-ranging, and frequently original that it should command the attention of historians of all stripes. This article adopts a distant reading approach to retrace long-term methodological and thematic shifts and continuities in over twenty thousand dissertations written at German univer- sities in the seventeenth century. Methodologically, it highlights the interest of argument-driven digital history and aims to encourage scholars to engage with a type of data that is available in many other contexts. Providing a path- way into a forbidding archive, this study highlights the vast diversity of insights – into the history of jurisprudence and its receptiveness to social change, academic education and publishing, baroque rhetoric, and the broader cultural, political, and economic history of the German lands – that can be gleaned from one of the richest and most neglected sources in European legal history. The first section discusses the dissertation as a genre, its ambivalent histori- ography, and the method and data underpinning this article. Similar to literary scholars who embraced computational text mining under the banner of ‘dis- tant reading’, historians could benefit from integrating more digital evidence of this kind in their work. Following a concise spatial and temporal outline of the dissertations and their unequal distribution among universities and pro- fessors, the third section retraces one of the most striking thematic shifts in this archive: a drastic decline in civil law dissertations. While the waning inter- est in fields from property to inheritance law raises important questions, topics like marriage and debt eluded this pattern. Just like recurrent spikes in dissertations on imperial politics or inflation and monetary debasement, they underline the academic jurists’ responsiveness to social, political, and 2 Christian Thomasius and Tobias Beutel, De iure circa somnum & somnia, Von Recht Des Schlaffs und der Träume (Leipzig, 1687). 3 Heinrich Rudolph Redecker and Gregorius Wulff, Disputatio iuridica inauguralis de errore calculi (Kiel, 1664). 4 Adrian Beier and Heinrich Günther Bötticher, Disputatio iuridica de umbra (Jena, 1681). Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 30 Sep 2021 at 16:57:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X2100011X The Historical Journal 3 economic change. The third section of the article discusses how a growing share of the dissertations lost the dialogic attributes characteristic of the oral disputation and took on a monologic and monographic form. The decline of dialogic and antagonistic forms of reasoning – encapsulated in the scholastic quaestio and controversia – reflected broader changes in seventeenth-century academic culture, but they also transformed the dissertations as a genre. The fading of dialogue and controversy went hand in hand with a preference for more sharply delineated, diverse, and often original subjects that are the theme of the last part of the article. The way in which late seventeenth- century jurists expanded the scope of their writing reflects broader conjunc- tures of baroque curiosity and polymathy, but it also illustrates the juridifica- tion of public affairs in the Holy Roman Empire and the heightened stature of an epistemic community that felt increasingly entitled to interpret all spheres of life through its own categories. I Disputations were one of the most common teaching formats in European uni- versities from the high middle ages to the end of the eighteenth century.5 Students and teachers regularly held disputations to practise defending argu- ments, to prove their mastery of a subject, or to obtain academic degrees. The makeup of these exercises varied, but they usually involved a respondent (respondens or defendens) who, under the direction of a professor or lecturer ( praeses), had to defend publicly a number of theses against objections brought forward by an opponent. All participants were bound by strict rules of argu- mentation and behaviour. Disputations were popular among jurists, also because they were thought to prepare students for the forensic practice.6 Disputations had traditionally been held orally. In sixteenth- and seventeenth- century high schools and universities, the spoken word was the ‘key principle of instruction’,7 to the point that even written texts needed to be performable orally.8 However, from the end of the sixteenth century, disputations were increasingly accompanied by printed Latin texts.9 Initially, these printed dis- sertations were summaries of the key theses that were sometimes sent out 5 Hanspeter Marti, ‘Disputation’, in Gerd Ueding, ed., Historisches Wörterbuch der Rhetorik (10 vols., Tübingen, 1994), II, Bie-Eul, pp. 866–80; Filippo Ranieri, Juristische Dissertationen deutscher Universitäten, 17.–18. Jahrhundert (2 vols., Frankfurt am Main, 1986), I, p. 2; Werner Allweiss, ‘Von der Disputation zur Dissertation’, in Rudolf Jung, ed., Dissertationen in Wissenschaft und Bibliotheken (Munich, 1979), pp. 13–28. 6 See Marti, ‘Disputation’, p. 869. 7 Wilfried Barner, Barockrhetorik: Untersuchungen zu ihren geschichtlichen Grundlagen (Berlin, 2013), p. 243. 8 Friedrich Paulsen and Rudolf Lehmann, Geschichte des gelehrten Unterrichts auf den deutschen Schulen und Universitäten vom Ausgang des Mittelalters bis zur Gegenwart: mit besonderer Rücksicht auf den klassischen Unterricht (2 vols., Berlin, 1965), I, p. 355. 9 See Marti, ‘Disputation’. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.34.90, on 30 Sep 2021 at 16:57:41, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X2100011X 4 Luca Scholz as invitations. In the course of the seventeenth century, the printed disserta- tions grew longer.