DOCUMENT RESUME EM 000 233 ED 022 361 24 By-Margolin, Joseph B.; Misch,Marion R. ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITHTHE EFFECTS OF EDUCATION IN THE SEVENTIES, ASTUDY OF PROBLEMS AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY ONEDUCATION. George Washington Univ., Washington,D.C. Spons Agency-Office of Education(DHEW), Washington, D.C. Bureauof Research. Bureau No BR -7-0400 Pub Date Oct 67 Contract OEC -2 -7 -070400 -2833 Note-330p. EDRS Price MF -S125 HC 41328 PROGRAMS, *COMPUTERS, Descri tors-ARCHITECTURE,*COMPUTER ASSISTEDINSTRUCTION, COWUTER *EDUCATIONAL EOUIPMENT, EDUCATIONALPOLICY, COUNSELING, EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION, TOOLS, SOCIAL *INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY,LIBRARY FACILITIES, RESEARCH INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, EDUCATION, URBAN EDUCATION CHANGE, STUDENT MOTIVATION,SYSTEMS ANALYSIS, TEACHER for the utilization of computersin education, apanel of To aid policy development the 10 scientists and educatorsformed a traveling seminarthat actually inspected computer-assisted instruction at sevenresearch and development state of the art of systematic centers throughoutthe US. The panel agreed onfour principles. First, a achievement of educationalgoalsisrequired. Second, the approach tothe of new development of models isuseful for the synthesis,presentation, and testing systems. Third, the computerhas vast potential as anadministrative aid to education. agreed that the introductionof computers into theschools to And finally, the panel instructional deal with clerical andadministrative problems willlead to their use in an of disagreement was overthe nature and specificoblectives capacity. The main area the of the optimal CAI system.In addition, the panelexpressed a general concern over effect of the computer on humanvalues. Topics covered inthe panelists' papers are learner needs and systems requirements,the hardware-softwaredisparity, decision making in education, social change,urban education, publicpolicy school architecture, economics ofeducation, teacher education,educational administration,computer languages and applicationsof the computers in theclassroom, in the library, in research, and in counseliKg. (LH) 0223 6 ED UCATION IN THE 94 A Study ofProblems andIssuesassociated with the Effectsof computertechnology onEducation EducationalPolicy Project The Programof PolicyStudies The GeorgeWashingtonUniversity Autumn 1967 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors areindebted to Dr. R. LouisBright, Associate Commissioner forResearch of the U.S.Office of Education who has encouraged and assistedthis project and furtheredthe development American education; to of systematicthinking and planning in of the Bureau of Research Dr. Howard Hjelmand Dr. Glenn Boerrigter assistance in the who have providedinvaluable inspiration and initiation and implementationof the program; Wadhington Univ- To Vice PresidentLouis H. Mayo of The George ersity, Director ofthe P.P.S.S.T., whoextended the encouragement than nine months; and support needed tocomplete this task in less and education To the representativesof industry, government, who took part in thebriefing of the panel and gave usthe necessary start; To the membersof the panel whoserichness of experience, creativity, and skillmade the achievement ofthe project possible. We also want tothank Mr. N.M. Head and Mx. A.C.Windham of the Office of SponsoredResearch, The George WashingtonUniversity, for their guidance; MissChristine McLean and Mrs.Barbara Higgins Bugash for the design for their untiringassistance, and Mrs. Diane of the cover. Joseph B. Margolin Marion R. Misch October 1967 FINAL REPORT GRANT NO. OEC2-7-070400-2833 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENTOF OFFICE OF EDUCATION HEALTH, EDUCATION, ANDWELFARE BUREAU OF RESEARCH EDUCATION IN THE SEVENTIES Submitted by Dr. Joseph B. Margolin Responsible Investigator Miss Marion R. Misch Research Associate 11212ZUlficer Dr. Glenn Boerrigter Panel Members Dr. Ray C. Carpenter Dr. Hylan Lewis Dr, Alexander Schure Dr. Frederick Duhl Dr. Eugene McLoone Mr. Charles Thomsen Dr. Russell Kropp Dr. Wesley Meierhenry Dr. Elizabeth Wilson Dr. Donald Cook Professional Staff Mrs. Judith Leitner Miss Christine McLean Mrs. Phyllis McDonald Mrs. Barbara Higgins Mr. Gary Larsen Educational Policy Project Program of Policy Studies in Scienceand Technology The George Washington University U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE Of EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVEDFROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OfEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction BRIEFING 5 Pre-Seminar Briefing 7 Louis Robinson 34 Carroll Newsome 000000 44 Leonard Muller 59 John Martin . a 000 oo w000000000 70 James Rogers THE REPORT 82 The Log of theTraveling Seminar 93 The Panel: BiographicalData . oo Computers in Education 97 Wesley C. Meierhenry 115 Computer Regulated Learning C.R. Carpenter 126 Aspects of Education inthe Decade of the Seventies Alexander Schure 141 Computer Assisted Instructionand Urban Education Hylan Lewis 149 Making CAI Work , Russell P. Kropp 162 Public Policy and ComputerAssisted Education Frederick J. Duhl 173 Computer Aided Instruction. 0 000000000 0 Charles B. Thomsen 183 The Knowledge Machine Elizabeth Wilson 198 Computer Technology andSystems Analysis Eugene P. McLoone 211 Review of the Seminar 261 Predictions and Recommendations APPENDIX 270 Staff Paper onEducational Technology Joseph B. Margolin 285 Educational Administrationand Computer Systems Phyllis McDonald 297 Problems of Teacher Educationand Orientation Judith Leitner 304 Computer Languages Gary Larsen 313 Bibliography 1. Introduction The current crisis in educationis multi-determined. New de- mands and new resources areconverging on this normally conservative segment of our society, at a pace neverbefore encountered. The pressures on educationinclude: 1. The demand for education of an ever widening population reaching almost from the cradle to the grave. 2. The paradoxes of demands for greaterspecialization and greater general adaptability to thetremendously increased rate of change in the economycoupled with' the requirement for rapid re- training and more general education. 3. The need for more comprehensive,less narrow education per- mitting great flexibility of the individualand fuller participation in our society. 4. That we keep pace with the rapidsocial changes and the increases in mobility and fluidity ofsociety. 5. The pressure for increasedefficiencY, centralization, and even more knowledge. At the same moment, the technologicaladvances present education with the gramise of a vast, new capacity. A. The computer with its acknowledgedabilityto imprave education- al management also offers thepotential for improvement in research and instructional capability. B. Instructional television and a host of otherdevices and systems including the videocorder widenthe media available and the range of modalities tobe involved in education. C. The advent of the systems philosophyand approach. D. The era of the sputnik in whicheducation% relationship to society and industry is given one of itsperiodic boosts. In the face of these complementary yetsomehow competing forces a third force can beheard. It is the fear of.depersonalization,alien- ation, and loss of privacy alreadyactive in our mass society and represented?to so many,by the computer and thepunched card. Perhaps we are simultaneouslyexperiencing a rebirth of humanism andindividuality . as areaction to this pressure. These several forces impinging on educationproduce a policy cri':ds. nth great pressures to produce with thepotential capability available, but with great dangers inherent in bothmoving forward and standing still, education and society face a seriesof decisions. It is not yet clear that we have the methodology withwhich to make these decisions. This report represents an effort toclassify some of the issues and problems involved :7_n this policycrisis. Lest it be overly diluted it was directed to the use ofthe computer in education and even more specificallyto computer assisted instruction. With this process as a focus we willdeal with the many areas in education and society that are touched by CAI and thatit will in turn effect. The Research Instrument and the TravelingSeminar In the service of policy development in theutilization of the computer in education a panel of scientists andeducators were assembled. These included the president of auniversity, two deans of schools of education, a sociologist, anarchitect, two psychologists, two educators, a director of curriculumdevelopment, a psychiatrist, and an economist. From another viewpoint, they reflectedcompetence in engineering, education, research,administration R & D in the educational media, school design, program developmentand promotion, systems analysis, programmed instruction,intergroup relations, child development, etc. After three days of intensive briefing, theseminar members set out on a weeklong aerial tour of fivecenters of research and develop- ment in CAI. Subsequently two more centers were visited. The pro- gram and itinerary of thebriefing and of the survey trips are des- cribed in another section of this report. The texts of several of the briefing papers are included in thq report aswell. Each of the seminar members then prepared anarticle dealing with his view of the problems and issues facingeducation in its use of the new technology. The panelists made projections describing the effect of technology on education in the19701s, and offered recommendations on how to anticipate