MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES FOR SNZALL-FARM USE of an itional workshop ovember 2-5, 1987 aya, Thailand. The Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development is a private, nonprofit U.S. organization working in agricultural development around the world. It was established in 1985 through the merging of the Agricultural Development Council (A/D/C), the International Agricultural Development Service (IADS), and the Winrock International Livestock Research and Training Center. Winrock International's mission is to help increase the agricultural productivity, improve the nutrition, and advance the well-being of men, women, and children throughout the world. Its main areas of emphasis are human resources, renewable resources, food policy, animal agriculture and farming systems, and agricultural research and extension. Winrock International's headquarters are located in Morrilton, Arkansas, with regional offices in Arlington, Virginia and Bangkok, Thailand. Winrock International co-sponsored this workshop under the Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development (F/FRED) Project, for which it serves as prime contractor. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, F/FRED is designed to help scientists address the needs of small-scale farmers in the developing world for fuelwood and other tree products. It provides a network through which scientists exchange research plans, methods, and results. Research and development activities center on the production and use of multipurpose trees that meet the several household needs of small farmers. The International Development Research Centre (IDRC) is a public corporation created by the Parliament of Canada in 1970 to support research designed to adapt science and technology to the needs of developing countries. The Centre's activities are concentrated in five sectors: agriculture, food and nutrition sciences, information sciences, social sciences, and communications. IDRC is financed solely by the Parliament of Canada; its policies, however, are set by an international board of governors. The Centre's headquarters are in Ottawa, Canada. Regional offices are located in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. Cover Photo: IDRC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Multipurpose tree species (MPTS) for small-farm use. Bibliography- p. 1. Multipurpose trees--Asia--Congresses. 2. Farms, Small-Asia--Congresses. I. Withington, Dale. II. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. III. International Development Research Centre (Canada). IV. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. SB172.M86 1988 634.9 88-26116 ISBN 0-933595-18-2 Copyright © Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development and the International Development Research Centre of Canada, 1988. MULTIPURPOSE TREE SPECIES FOR SMALL-FARM USE Proceedings of an international workshop held November 2-5, 1987 in Pattaya, Thailand Editors: Dale Withington Kenneth G. MacDicken' Cherla B. Sastry Norma R. Adams Co-sponsors: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development International Development Research Centre of Canada Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 4AC4\V J A Co publishers: Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, USA International Development Research Centre of Canada t(-O(- j Contents Preface 7 Acknowledgments 8 Session I: Small-Farm Uses of Multipurpose Trees Session Summary George F. Taylor// 10 Small farmers, multipurpose trees, and research in India K.G. Tejwani 13 Overview of tree planting on small farms in the tropics Julian Evans 26 Uses of multipurpose trees on the small farms of the low-rainfall Ganges floodplain soils of Bangladesh Zainul Abedin, Shafiqu/ Aktar, Fazlul Haque, and Shamsu/ Alam 31 Multipurpose tree species for small-farm use in Nepal Maheshwar Sapkota 48 Multipurpose trees for small-farm use in the central plain of Thailand Suree Bhumibhamon 53 Multipurpose trees for small farmers in India Narayan G. Hegde 56 A new farming system--Crop/Paulownia intercropping Zhu Zhaohua 65 Session II: The Role of Eucalyptus on Small Farms--Boon or Bust? Session Summary Suree Bhumibhamon 72 Silvicultural requirements of Eucalyptus for small farms A.N. Chaturvedi 73 The role of Eucalyptus plantations in southern China Zheng Haishui 79 Eucalyptus on small farms Kevin J. White 86 Session III: Nitrogen-Fixing Trees as MPTS for Small-Farm Use Session Summary K.G. MacDicken, N.G. Hegde, and V. Liyanage 98 Some nutritional constraints for the growth of shrub legumes on acid infertile soils in the tropics Robert Bray, Brian Palmer, and Tatang Ibrahim 100 Performance of nitrogen-fixing MPTS on mountainous wastelands in low rainfall areas L.L. Relwani, B.N. Lahane, and A.M. Gandhe 105 Nitrogen-fixing trees as multipurpose species for soil conservation H.D. Tacio, H.R. Watson, and Warlito A. Laquihon 114 The role of nitrogen-fixing trees as MPTS for small farms Kovith Yantasath 122 Multipurpose, nitrogen-fixing trees for small-farm use in Papua New Guinea Kamane M. Saroa 124 Indigenous nitrogen-fixing trees in the farmlands of Nepal Ramesh Shakya 125 Session IV: Fruit Trees and Other Woody Perennials Session Summary Francis S.P. Ng 132 The status of perennial cropping systems in the Philippines R.R. Espino, J.B. Sangalang, and D.L. Evangelista 134 Farm-level management of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Eduardo O. Mangaoang and Romeo S. Raros 142 Arenga pinnata: A palm for agroforestry Gunawan Sumadi 149 Impact of multipurpose trees on small-farm systems of Nepal: A case study of Karmaiya village Madhav B. Karki 151 Medicinal uses of selected fruit trees and woody perennials Saturnina Halos 156 Session V: Socioeconomic Considerations for MPTS Research Session Summary Karim Oka and Charles B. Mehl 164 Planting trees on private farmland in Nepal: The equity aspect Y.B. Malla and R.J. Fisher 166 Let them eat trees: Some observations on nutrition and social forestry G. Lamar Robert 175 Agroforestry and smallholder financial viability Jacques Amyot 182 Growing multipurpose fruit trees in Bangladesh: Farmers' perceptions of opportunities and obstacles Kibriaul Khaleque 191 Introducing multipurpose trees on small farms in Nepal Pradeepmani Dixit 197 Session VI: Research Strategies for Filling Information Gaps Session Summary C. Devendra 206 Methodological issues in determining growth, yield, and value of M PTS Patrick J. Robinson and I.S. Thompson 208 Poster Session Presentations Palms as multipurpose cash and subsistence tree crops Dennis Johnson 222 How to run a small forest farm with multipurpose trees Fu Maoyi and Lan Linfu 237 Cost-benefit analysis of forest plantations in a watershed in northeastern Thailand Arjen Sterk and Pieter van Ginneken 240 Farmers' attitudes toward planting multipurpose trees in northeast Thailand Narong Srisawas 248 Potential uses of nitrogen-fixing trees on small coconut plantations in Sri Lanka L.V.K. Liyanage, H.P.S. Jayasundara, and T.G.L.G. Gunasekara 251 Superiority indices of some multipurpose trees from the central Himalaya A.R. Nautiyal and A.N. Purohit 254 Effects of Gliricidia sepium mulch on upland rice yield and soil fertility Dominador G. Gonzal and Romeo S. Raros 261 An economic model for evaluating charcoal production of multipurpose tree species using the transportable metal kiln W.C. Woon 265 Fast-growing nitrogen-fixing trees as MPTS for fuelwood and charcoal on small farms Suttijed Chantrasiri 272 Introduction to the Acacia hybrid Jaffirin Lapongan 273 Appendices 1. Field trip summary 278 II. Participants 279 Preface One of the most serious problems facing developing countries today is the volume and rate of deforestation. Destruction of tropical forests has been especially rapid in the last 50 years due to logging; transmigration; systematic clearing and conversion to agriculture; and unauthorized felling and nomadic farming for food, shelter, fodder, fuelwood, and pasture. Each year, some 11 million hectares are removed for these purposes and less than 10 percent are returned to forest vegetation. The loss of forest resources can only damage a nation's economy and its environment. The trend, therefore, has to be reversed, and all available land must contribute to rural income by alleviating shortages of fodder, fuelwood, and small timber, especially among resource-poor rural communities of Asia. Fortunately for mankind, some interesting developments have resulted from national reawakening and donor agency support. One such movement is intensified planting of multipurpose tree species (MPTS) on smallholdings and farms in the developing world. These trees not only provide shade, shelter, food, fodder, fuelwood, and timber, but in some cases may improve soil fertility. Although the practice of planting trees around homesteads and small farms is age-old, scientific development and improvement of these tree species are recent. It is therefore not surprising that available published information on how MPTS are presently used is scarce. The papers contained in this proceedings help fill this information gap. They were presented at the workshop Multipurpose Tree Species for Small-Farm Use, held November 2-5, 1987 in Pattaya, Thailand. This workshop, the first of its kind in Asia, focused on advancing biological and social- science research on MPTS, with the ultimate goal of improving the livelihood of small farmers in Asia. Specifically, the workshop was designed to: o identify and describe what is known of small-farm use of MPTS