We Are Here! 22 Federally Recognized Tribes in Arizona Organizing Points and Topics to Mention • We tried where possible to select some more current art work where we know the artist’s name. • We added a few pieces but mainly worked with existing art. • Direct people to the visitor guide where more information is provided. • Mention tribal web sites (urls included in the visitor guide) so visitors can go online to find out about the tribe in the community’s own words. Or they can go to the ITCA web site (everyone but Navajo) • Mention that many of the tribes have cultural centers and museums and information about those can be found on the web. Repeated themes • Creation of reservations due to conflict arising from westward migration • Discovery of gold both in California and later in Arizona were precipitating events • Those people who moved over a wide area, seasonally, were the most vulnerable. Myth of empty land. • Important legislation • Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 that protects and preserves traditional religious rights and cultural practices. (Zuni Pueblo) • Arizona Indians granted the right to vote 1948 (Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation) Pueblo of Zuni Nahohai family jar with rainbird, Federally Recognized: 1877 1983 • Explain that this New Mexico Pueblo since 1984 has its sacred land recognized in Apache County, Arizona. 17sq. mi. • The sacred land is Kolhu/wala:wa where the spirits of Zuni who have died go to be with the Kokko under a sacred lake. • An example of how important shrines and sites were excluded when reservation boundaries were established. • Separate case in 1990 secured easement for quadrennial pilgrimage of 110 miles over 4 days by 40-60 religious leaders. Hopi Tribe Morris Robinson Necklace, Federally Recognized: 1882 1950s You will already have told people a great deal about Hopi, so no need to expand on that. If you are discussing Hopi jewelry here are two points • Note his use of bird motifs shown on pottery immediately to the right of the necklace. • Tell visitors that he was influential for later jewelers including Charles Loloma. Navajo Nation Lillie Touchin, Federally Recognized: 1868 1986 • In 1863, more than 10,000 Diné were forced on the Long Walk to imprisonment by the U.S. government at Bosque Redondo, NM. In 1868, a treaty with the federal government allowed the survivors to return to a much- reduced portion of their land, however still within the four sacred mountains. In this they were unlike many tribes of the time, who were removed to the Indian Territory of Oklahoma. • Largest tribe in land area and population in Arizona • Larger than 10 of the 50 states • In three states—New Mexico and Utah in addition to Arizona • Can mention the Navajo Nation Museum in Window Rock • Storm Pattern textile was used in case you want to talk about the four sacred mountains and how they reflect the original homeland. Southern Paiute Tribes Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians San Juan Southern Paiute Tribe Kaibab Band of Paiute Indians Seed Bottle Basket, Federally Recognized: 1934 c. 1900 • Located in the area known as the Arizona Strip, above the Grand Canyon on the Utah border. Fredonia headquarters. • In a dry land they thoroughly used all of the animals and plants in the area for food. Harvested seeds of over 40 different grasses. • Depended on their baskets for survival. • When settlers moved in with sheep and cattle ranching in mid 1800s their food crops were destroyed. • Pipe Spring National Monument is within the reservation. Recommend the web site for the monument. San Juan Southern Paiute Rose Ann Whiskers Basket, Federally Recognized: 1990 c. 1995 • Last of Arizona tribes to be recognized; Still don’t have a land base. Entirely within the Navajo Nation. Based in Tuba City. • Weave Navajo-style “wedding baskets.” • In the 1970s weavers really began diversifying their designs. This piece is an example of one of the new designs. • Krista Allen in the Navajo Times, dateline Tuba City, Oct. 31, 2013 “Paiutes seek land, acknowledgement from Diné neighbors.” e-version Jan. 3, 2018 Colorado River Indian Tribes Fort Mojave Indian Tribe Colorado River Indian Tribes Quechan Tribe Cocopah Tribe Impacted by flow of people to California beginning in 1849 and those using the Colorado to transport goods Quechan Tribe Amelia Escalanti Caster dress, Federally Recognized: 1884 1974 • Pronounced Kwatsáan • Fort Yuma Quechan Reservation on both sides of Colorado River bordering. California and Baja California. • Before the railroad Quechan were hired as river pilots. • Interstate 8 runs through the reservation, so they get winter visitors—RV parks. • Can talk about bird singing; that is so important for many Yuman peoples. Make sure people understand that bird singing is not bird imitations. • Dress is a way to talk about the contemporary expressions of ceremony through song cycles of bird songs and the lessons they teach about creation and how to live as well as language lessons • An entire night is needed to sing a whole cycle, from sun down to sun up. Cocopah Indian Tribe Susie Heller Davis Federally Recognized: 1917 Necklace, 1992 • Traditional homelands along the lower Colorado River and its delta. • When steamboat traffic was active, they were river pilots—like the Mojave and Quechan. • They are 13 miles south of Yuma. • Distinctive in that they are in three separate parcels, named east west and north, with headquarters in Somerton. This is a chance to emphasize how not all reservations are a single parcel. • Mention the Cocopah Museum and Cultural Center. Some nice video and podcasts on their web site. • As a contemporary craft they have focused on beadwork. Colorado River Indian Tribes Annie Fields Frog, Federally Recognized: 1865 1960-1970 • Only Gila River Indian Community is older in Arizona (1859). • Mohave, Chemehuevi, Navajo and Hopi. Originally for Mohave and Chemehuevi. Many Chemehuevi have left and have their own reservation. Government planned to relocate a number of tribes there. • In 1945 Navajo and Hopi came after livestock reduction and the Great Depression. In 1970s people relocated to work on the Grand Canal, part of the Central Arizona Project. • It is located on both sides of the Colorado, with headquarters in Parker. Site of a Japanese internment camp in Poston. • In Mohave origin stories, when the son of Earth, Mutavilya, was about to die he instructed people that he be cremated. The Mojave did not have fire, so a frog hopped west, across the desert to a volcano, where he lit a stick and hopped back. When he returned, Mutavilya had died. The frog lit the funeral pyre, establishing the Mojave tradition of cremation. • Point out the video about the nature preserve. Fort Mojave Indian Tribe Mojave Girl’s Skirt Federally Recognized: 1910 mid-1800s • The reservation is in three states, including California and Nevada. The biggest portion is in Arizona. Tribal headquarters is in Needles. • They are Pipa Aha Macav, The People by the River. • Their website says that when the Spanish arrived they were the largest concentration of people in the Southwest. The reservation name comes from the fort established in 1859 because of all the Anglo people traveling to California. The Mojave were river pilots. • Can point out distinctive spellings Mojave/Mohave. • The skirt is a girl’s skirt made with the inner bark of the willow. Pai Groups Yavapai Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Yavapai-Prescott Indian Community Yavapai-Apache Nation Havasupai Hualapai Once 10,000 Yavapai in four subtribes moved over nearly 10 million acres of central Arizona. In the 1860s, prospectors discovered rich minerals on Yavapai land. The military came to protect mining interests. Farmers and ranchers came to provision the forts. Deprived of food sources, the Yavapai fought, but by 1873 most were on reservations. First at CRIT, then in 1875, the Yavapai were marched 180 miles through the mountains in winter to the San Carlos Apache Reservation where they were imprisoned for 15 years. When they were released, they returned to small parcels of their old homelands. They farmed or worked for wages with the railroad, the mines, or in nearby towns. Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation Josephine Harrison Federally Recognized: 1903 Basket, 1971 • Kwevikopaya band—earliest of the three to be recognized and the largest. • Mention Frank Harrison and Harry Austin’s role in securing the rights of American Indians to vote in Arizona. In 1948, the Arizona Supreme Court struck down a provision of the state constitution that kept Indians from voting. (Though the 15th Amendment, passed in 1870, granted all U.S. citizens the right to vote regardless of race, it wasn't until the Snyder Act of 1924 that Native Americans were made citizens.) It left to states to determine eligibility. 70th Annual Right to Vote Celebration July 12. • Josephine Harrison started doing animal motifs in the 1960s. Unusual naturalistic. Bought at the Fair in 1971. Yavapai-Prescott Indian Community Viola Jimula Basket, Federally Recognized: 1935 1970s • Note the work of Sam and Viola Jimula to secure federal recognition and land for the Yavapai- Prescott. • Upon Sam’s death Viola became the tribe’s leader • She became the first woman chief among North American Indians • In 1986 she was inducted into Arizona Women’s Hall of Fame. • Point out the negative design. She taught a basket making class in 1935, but by 1946 there were only 3 basket makers left according to Andrew Whiteford. Yavapai-Apache Nation Yavapai/Apache? Federally Recognized: 1934 Basketry Olla, early 1900s • Long standing friendship between Yavapai and Western Apache. The Wipukupaya group occupied the Red Rock country including Oak Creek Canyon and the area east to the Verde Valley. Tonto Apache (known to themselves as Dil zhee’,) is translated as “The Hunters.” • The Yavapai-Apache Nation is the artificial amalgamation of these two distinct cultures, who occupied opposite sides of the Verde Valley for centuries prior to the Euro-American conquest of the Southwest.