In Defense of Cloning Nathan Bruner Mary Had a Little Lamb Mary had a little lamb, its fleece was slightly gray It didn’t have a father, just some borrowed DNA. It sort of had a mother, though the ovum was on loan, It was not so much a lambkin as a little lamby clone. And soon it had a fellow clone, and soon it had some more, They followed her to school one day, all cramming through the door. It made the children laugh and sing, the teachers found it droll, There were too many lamby clones, for Mary to control. No other could control the sheep, since the programs didn’t vary So the scientists resolved it all, by simply cloning Mary. But now they feel quite sheepish, those scientists unwary, One problem solved but what to do, with Mary, Mary, Mary. ---- Anonymous Internet post “Much Confusion Over Cloning,” a recent common misconceptions concerning human headline reads. Few could find words to describe cloning; third, present some common arguments the situation better. Since its emergence as an ever against cloning and explain why these seem to fail; approaching scientific possibility, the cloning of and finally, present a positive argument for the complete complex organisms, including humans, cloning of human beings. has sparked much fear, debate, and confusion in our society. This new possibility has raised many What is Cloning? questions, chiefly, “Should we clone humans?” One of the greatest problems in the debate Largely, it seems, the answer to this question has over cloning humans is the extent to which been a resounding “No!” Unfortunately this debate widespread misconceptions exist about what has been mostly one-sided, with almost everyone cloning involves. One key to debating any issue is taking a position against cloning. I believe this has to know what exactly is being discussed. caused a number of harmful side effects. First, weak Unfortunately, few people know what cloning arguments are tolerated for lack of anyone willing actually is in its present form. With this in mind, let to take the opposing view. Second, misconceptions us examine exactly what the procedure is that is and misunderstandings about cloning are widely now being debated. circulated because few make any effort to correct ‘Cloning’ is a term with multiple meanings them. Third, the conclusions reached are in biology and medicine. It refers to a number of uninformed at best. It is very difficult, perhaps procedures that create a duplicate of some kind of impossible to make a good decision about any organism. As Gregory Pence explains, “‘Cloning’ is matter without having heard both sides of the an ambiguous term, even in science, and may refer debate. It is for this reason that I have decided to to molecular cloning, cellular cloning, embryo present a defense of the position in favor of cloning twinning, and nuclear somatic transfer (NST)” humans. To do this I will first, explain what exactly (Pence, 11). The current debate concerns the last of the process of cloning is as most people intend to these, nuclear somatic transfer. What this procedure refer to it; second, take a look at a few of themost entails is removing the nucleus from an egg cell and 7 replacing it with the nucleus from a normal adult the same, have every memory, every scar, and the tissue cell. If all goes well, the host egg will develop same personality and intelligence as her into an embryo, going through the normal counterpart. This, however, is clearly beyond the development into a full organism with an exact reach of current science. What a human clone will copy of the adult’s DNA. Actually this does not be is, very simply, a genetic twin of the person exactly describe the situation. One thing that is not being cloned. She will be much younger than her identical in the clone is its mitochondrial DNA. counterpart, as the counterpart will be an adult Mitochondria are the little organelles in every cell when the clone is being birthed, and she will have that create chemicals to catalyze reactions in the slight differences in mitochondria, as we saw cell. In strict nuclear somatic transfer all of the earlier. She will have none of the counterpart’s mitochondrial DNA is provided by the host egg, but memories, as DNA does not contain memory, and in 1997, Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team used a slightly she may have somewhat different intelligence and different form of NST to clone Dolly the lamb, the personality. All this indicates that cloning will, in first complex, adult creature to be cloned by no sense, create a “Xerox copy,” as some people scientists. In this process, called “fusion,” seem to think from seeing science fiction portrayals mitochondria from the host egg and the donor cell (Pence, 49-51). are mixed, creating a closer, but still not exact Another misconception that results from match to the donor’s mitochondrial makeup. This science fiction is what I would like to call the “evil difference in mitochondria, while minor, could still uses” misconception. Many people seem to think affect how a clone turns out. The clone will not be that clones, if created, will be used for all kinds of genetically identical to the DNA donor unless the evil purposes. Among these is creating clones for donor also provides the host egg, which, of course, use as slaves or menial laborers, humans who must will only be possible with females (Pence, 11). The obey our every command because we created them, process outlined above is what I will be referring to or “growing” a biological twin in order to harvest throughout the rest of this paper when I use the term her organs in case of an emergency. Surprisingly, ‘cloning.’ these are beliefs not merely held by laypeople, but by some considered to be experts as well. Nigel A Few Misconceptions Cameron, theologian and bioethicist at Trinity Many ideas that people have concerning International University, says that cloning “would cloning are not grounded in actual scientific be perhaps the worst thing we have ever thought of knowledge of the procedure and its consequences, in the maltreatment of our species. It would be a but are grounded in ideas propagated by inflated new kind of slave class. You would have human media stories and by the far-off realm of science beings who were made by other human beings for fiction. From press stories about future “baby their purposes” (Pence, 46). Guardian Unlimited, an manufacturing plants” to fiction stories about international news and information website based in armies of clones created to fight for humanity but England reports, “A supply of donor organs, [is instead turning against us, numerous fantastical one] of the more mainstream reasons to clone ideas about cloning are floating around. Far too humans” (Human Cloning) many exist to address in a short essay, but I would This, however, is absurd. If clones were like to examine at least a few misconceptions that treated in this manner certainly it would be horrible, people hold. but there is no reason to think that clones will be Cloning has been a popular topic in science treated in this manner. A clone will be just as much fiction movies, books, and television. Blade Runner, a living, breathing, thinking, emotional, and distinct Multiplicity, Star Trek, Jurassic Park, The Boys human being as anyone. The only difference from Brazil, and many others have portrayed between her and other humans would be her cloning in some manner. One of the most popular “unnatural” conception. But others are alive through misconceptions that results from science fiction means of “unnatural” conception. Consider artificial portrayal is that a human clone will be identical in insemination and in-vitro fertilization. People every way to the person being cloned. She will look conceived by these methods are treated no worse 8 than other humans. We do not use them for slave moral clarity and seriousness” and having labor or as organ donors, because we know that they “transcended the initial commentaries on all sides of are just as much human as us. In the same way, the issue” (Long, ix). Also, he artfully presents because it is known that clones will be normal three of the most common arguments against humans, they will not be used for these evil designs cloning. Yet I feel that each of the objections either. As Pence states in his book Who’s Afraid of presented by Dr. Kass falls short of its aim of Human Cloning?, “Because humans originated by showing that cloning humans is morally wrong. cloning are persons, it follows that we cannot kill such persons for their organs. This would be no A Repugnant Argument more ethical or legal than knocking out your Dr. Kass presents his arguments in “The brother, transporting him to a hospital… and taking Wisdom of Repugnance,” an essay that he wrote out one of his organs for transplantation” (Pence, and published fairly quickly after the lamb Dolly 47). Now this is not to underestimate the capacity was cloned. The first is the argument from which for evil in some people. There surely are some who his essay gets its title. This argument presents his would want to use clones for just such purposes. view that our natural revulsion or repugnance to But with clear, established governmental guidelines cloning humans, almost universally felt, represents and good education on the process, such people a deeper wisdom or understanding that the cloning would be prevented from carrying out their wishes. of human beings is fundamentally morally wrong.