Timeline of materials technology [2] Before Christ: ¾ Stone Age (< 100,000 BC) ¾ 29,000–25,000 BC – First pottery appears ¾ 3rd millennium BC – Copper is used for ornamentation ¾ 2nd millennium BC – Bronze is used for weapons and armor ¾ 16th century BC – The Hittites (Turkey) develop crude iron metallurgy ¾ 13th century BC – Invention of steel when iron and charcoal are combined ¾ 10th century BC – Glass production begins in ancient Near East ¾ 1st millennium BC – Pewter (malleable Sn-Sb-Cu-Pb alloy) beginning to be used in China and Egypt ¾ 3rd century BC – Wootz steel (carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix) is invented in India ¾ 50s BC – Glassblowing techniques flourish in Phoenicia ¾ 20s BC – Roman architect Vitruvius describes low-water-content method for mixing concrete Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology 1> Timeline of materials technology 1st millennium: ¾ 3rd century – Cast iron widely used in Han Dynasty China ¾ 4th century – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel ¾ 8th century – Porcelain is invented in Tang Dynasty China ¾ 8th century – Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Arabic chemists ¾ 9th century – Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq ¾ 9th century – Lustreware appears in Mesopotamia 2nd millennium: ¾1448 – Johann Gutenberg develops type metal alloy (Pb-Sn-Sb) ¾1450 – Cristallo, a clear soda-based glass is invented by Angelo Barovier ¾1540 – Vannoccio Biringuccio publishes first systematic book on metallurgy, De la pirotechnia ¾1556 – Georg Agricola's influential book on metallurgy, De re metallica (Latin for On the Nature of Metals) ¾1590 – Glass lenses are developed in the Netherlands and used for the first time in microscopes and telescopes Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology 2> Timeline of materials technology 18th century: ¾ 1738 – Metallic zinc processed by distillation patented by William Champion ¾ 1740 – Crucible steel technique developed by Benjamin Huntsman ¾ 1779 – Hydraulic cement (stucco) patented by Bryan Higgins for use as an exterior plaster ¾ 1799 – Acid battery made from copper/zinc by Alessandro Volta 19th century: ¾ 1821 – Thermocouple invented by Thomas Johann Seebeck ¾ 1824 – Portland cement patent issued to Joseph Aspdin ¾ 1825 – Metallic aluminum produced by Hans Christian Ørsted ¾ 1839 – Vulcanized rubber invented by Charles Goodyear ¾ 1839 – Silver-based photographic processes invented by Louis Daguerre and William Fox Talbot ¾ 1855 – Bessemer process for mass production of steel patented ¾ 1861 – Color photography demonstrated by James Clerk Maxwell ¾ 1883 – First solar cells using selenium waffles made by Charles Fritts Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology 3> Timeline of materials technology 20th century: ¾ 1902 – Synthetic rubies created by the Verneuil process ¾ 1908 - Cellophane invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger ¾ 1909 – Bakelite hard thermosetting plastic presented by Leo Baekeland ¾ 1911 – Superconductivity discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ¾ 1912 – Stainless steel invented by Harry Brearley ¾ 1916 – Method for growing single crystals of metals invented by J. Czochralski ¾ 1924 – Pyrex invented by scientists at Corning Inc., a glass with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion ¾ 1931 – synthetic rubber called neoprene developed by Julius Nieuwland ¾ 1931 – Nylon developed by Wallace Carothers ¾ 1938 – The process for making poly-tetrafluoroethylene, better known as Teflon discovered by Roy Plunkett ¾ 1939 – Dislocations in metals confirmed by Robert W. Cahn ¾ 1947 – First germanium point-contact transistor invented ¾ 1947 – First commercial application of a piezoelectric ceramic (barium titanate) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology 4> Timeline of materials technology 20th century: ¾ 1951 – Individual atoms seen for the first time using the field ion microscope ¾ 1953 – Metallic catalysts which greatly improve the strength of polyethylene polymers discovered by Karl Ziegler ¾ 1954 – Silicon solar cells with 6% efficiency made at Bell Laboratories ¾ 1954 – Argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) steel refining invented by scientists at the Union Carbide Corporation ¾ 1959 – Float glass process patented by the Pilkington Brothers ¾ 1962 – SQUID superconducting quantum interference device invented ¾ 1968 – Liquid crystal display developed by RCA ¾ 1970 – Silica optical fibers grown by Corning Incorporated ¾ 1980 – Duplex stainless steels developed which resist oxidation in chlorides ¾ 1985 - The first fullerene molecule discovered by scientists at Rice University ¾ 2012 – “There are maybe more than 50,000 materials available to the engineer.” Jones & Ashby (2012) ¾ FUTURE ???? Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology 5> Engineering Materials and Their Properties Jones & Ashby (2012) 6> Engineering Materials and Their Properties - carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) Jones & Ashby (2012) - fiberglass (GFRP) 7> The Price and Availability of Materials Note: At April 2011 mild steel was $500/ton Jones & Ashby (2012) 8> The Price and Availability of Materials Jones & Ashby (2012) 9> The Price and Availability of Materials THE FUTURE: ¾ Material-efficient design ¾ Substitution (new materials/processing) ¾ Recycling Jones & Ashby (2012) 10> References ¾ CALLISTER JR, W. D. AND RETHWISCH, D. G. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 9th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2014, 988p. ISBN: 978-1-118-32457-8. ¾ ASHBY, M. and JONES, D. R. H. Engineering Materials 1: An Introduction to Properties, Applications and Design. 4th Edition. Elsevier Ltd. 2012, 472p. ISBN 978-0-08-096665-6. ¾ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology . Acesso em 20/02/2015. Nota de aula preparada pelo Prof. Juno Gallego para a disciplina Ciência dos Materiais de Engenharia. ® 2016. Permitida a impressão e divulgação. http://www.feis.unesp.br/#!/departamentos/engenharia-mecanica/grupos/maprotec/educacional/ 11.