JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 36 Jari Eloranta & Jari Ojala (eds.) East-West Trade and the Cold War JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO East-West Trade and the Cold War JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 36 East-West Trade and the Cold War Edited by Jari Eloranta and Jari Ojala UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2005 Editors Toivo Nygård, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo, Irene Ylönen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Toivo Nygård, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Ahti Jäntti, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Matti Vainio, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Minna-Riitta Luukka, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture by courtesy of the US Chamber of Commerce ISBN 951-39-2088-7 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4323 Copyright © 2005, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2005 Preface The East-West Working Group has brought together an international research network so that researchers of the Cold War economies and trade can attain a possibility to engage in a dialogue with their colleagues. The scientific contribution of the Working Group focuses foremost on the analysis of the East- West trade during the Cold War, both at the macro as well as at the micro levels. Thus, the aim is to emphasize the study of this topic as a comprehensive phenomenon. At the same time, the purpose is to delve deep into the most significant research problems in this area of endeavor. At the macro level, the focal interest areas include especially the institutions and organizations of the Cold War trade, economic warfare and the roles of international organizations, as well as the economic significance of the East-West trade. Moreover, the project aims to bring forth new country-based case studies, concerning the Eastern Europe and the neutral countries in particular. The forms of activity by the group include workshops (the first was held in June 2002 in Florence, Italy) and conferences (the first one dedicated solely to the topic of East-West trade, held in November 2003 in Jyväskylä, Finland – other meetings have since also taken place under the auspices of other conferences), archival research cooperation, as well as cooperation on publications. Further information can be obtained from: Prof. Luciano Segreto Dipartimento di Studi sullo Stato, Via Laura, 48, I-50121 Firenze, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +39-055-2757011 Fax: +39-055-2345486 This volume is the end result of cooperation following the Jyväskylä conference mentioned above. Thus, respectively, we need to recognize those entities that made the conference possible as well as enabled us to publish this book. First, however, we need to emphasize that this book is not solely a conference volume, since all the articles (except the invited contributions of Alan Dobson and Alan Milward, as well as the introductory chapter) have undergone an extensive double-blind peer review process. The referees (you know who you are) deserve our gratitude for their helpful criticism. Second, we need to express our deepest gratitude to several organizations and foundations that financed our endeavors: Academy of Finland, Patria, and the University of Jyväskylä (both the University as a whole and the Department of History and Ethnology in particular). The chair of the department, Professor Petri Karonen and several other colleagues from the Department of History and Ethnology kindly provided their support and academic expertise during the conference. We are especially grateful to research assistants Janne Könönen for his hard work during the conference and Pasi Saarimäki for his work in making the last corrections to the volume. Furthermore, all the commentators and participants of the conference deserve our gratitude for their helpful comments on the articles that made it to this volume. The conference and the book could not have been completed without the help of everyone mentioned above. We would also like to thank the Faculty of Humanities and the University of Jyväskylä for giving us the possibility to publish our volume in the Studies of Humanities, especially Editor-In-Chief Heikki Hanka and the editorial board. Pekka Olsbo performed magnificent work in editing the volume into a printable format. Language revision for some of the articles was provided by Charlene and Jari Eloranta. The ultimate responsibility for the contents of the articles, however, rests with the individual authors. The Editors BIOGRAFIES Alan Dobson: Professor of Politics and Director Institute for Transatlantic European and American Studies, University of Dundee. Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, senior research fellow at the Norwegian Nobel Institute in 1997, Chair of the Transatlantic Studies Association and Editor of the Journal of Transatlantic Studies, his interests include Anglo-American Relations, U.S. Foreign Policy, Economic Warfare, and Aviation. His publications include "The Politics of the Anglo-American Economic Special Relationship, 1940-1987" (Brighton 1988) and "US economic statecraft for survival, 1933-1991: of sanctions, embargoes and economicwarfare". (London 2002). Jacqueline McGlade is Associate Dean of the Graduate College and Associate Professor of History, University of Northern Iowa. She is a founding member of the East-West Working Group and has published widely on topics related to post-1945 American business, US-European economic and military affairs, and Western technical assistance and technology transfer. Uri Bar-Noi, Dr, is a lecturer at the History Department of Bar-Ilan University in Israel. He specializes in Soviet diplomacy throughout the Cold War. Lucia Coppolaro – European University Institute, Firenze. Research interest: the role of GATT in the Cold War and trade and diplomatic relations between East- West in GATT framework. Previous publications: “Le relazioni tra Stati Uniti e Comunità Economica Europea nei negoziati GATT del Kennedy Round” in Grazi, L. and Scichilone, L. (eds.), Dialogo sull’Europa, (Siena: Università di Siena, 2004). Niklas Jensen-Eriksen, Dr. , University of Helsinki, Department of History. Doctor of Philosophy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Economic History 2004. Research interests include the history of business-government relations and the economic history of the Cold War. Klaus Ammann, born 1974, lic. phil, postgraduate student at the University of Basel. Main fields of research include the relations Switzerland - Eastern Europe in the 20th century (focus on economy) and business history (degree dissertation). Mikael Nilsson is currently a Ph. D student at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. He is writing about Swedish-American military technology collaboration during the Cold War. Niklas Stenlås, Ph.D in Political History, currently at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Stenlås has studied political activism of business leaders in Sweden and the organisation of conservatism in Sweden. Tapani Paavonen, born 1951, Dr.Pol.Sc. 1988, Academy Research Fellow at the Department of Contemporary History, University of Turku; Publications include Suomalaisen protektionismin viimeinen vaihe 1945-1961 [The Last Phase of Finnish Protectionism 1945-1961] (Helsinki 1998) and "From Isolation to the Core. Finland's Position towards European Integration, 1960- 1995", JEIH 2001, pp. 53-75; Present research project is dealing with the political and economic phases in Finland’s relationship to West European integration from the early 1960s up to the present. Jari Eloranta, Ph.D, is currently an assistant professor of economic and business history at the Department of History, Appalachian State University in North Carolina. His research interests include corporate political action in the long run, public-private interactions in government contracts and public goods distribution, the financing of wars, as well as the analysis of government spending in the 19th and 20th centuries. Jari Ojala, Dr., is a senior research fellow at the department of history and ethnology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland. He is a docent in economic history, specializing in business history. His research includes long term development in business enterprises, maritime history, international trade, and the co- evolution of business and society. Alan Milward, is an emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics and an official historian at the Cabinet Office (Historical, Openness and Records Unit, United Kingdom Cabinet Office). He has published numerous works on the economic history of Europe and the history of the European Community. His publications include War, economy and society, 1939-1945 (London 1977), The reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (London 1984), and The European Rescue of the Nation-State (London 1992). TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface (Jari Eloranta and Jari Ojala) Biographies Table of Contents I INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................9 Introduction: East-West Trade and the Cold War as a Research Topic (Jari Eloranta and Jari Ojala).............................................................................11 Some Thoughts about Concepts and Explanation (Alan Dobson) .............21 II ARTICLES