OSI.MIE.MAIN.PF1-100209:Layout 1 2/9/2010 7:22 PM Page 1 AT HOME IN A Report on 11 EU Cities MUSLIMS IN EUROPE EUROPE Muslims in EUROPE Whether citizens or migrants, native born or newly-arrived, Muslims are a growing and varied population that presents Europe with challenges and opportunities. The crucial tests facing Europe’s commitment to open society will be how it treats minorities such as STOCKHOLM Muslims and ensures equal rights for all in a climate of rapidly expanding diversity. ★ The Open Society Institute’s At Home in Europe project is working to address these issues through monitoring and advocacy activities that examine the position of Muslims and other minorities in Europe. One of the project’s key efforts is this series of reports on COPENHAGEN Muslim communities in the 11 EU cities of Amsterdam, Antwerp, Berlin, Copenhagen, ★ Hamburg, Leicester, London, Marseille, Paris, Rotterdam, and Stockholm. The reports aim to increase understanding of the needs and aspirations of diverse Muslim communities by HAMBURG AMSTERDAM examining how public policies in selected cities have helped or hindered the political, ★ LEICESTER ★ BERLIN social, and economic participation of Muslims. ★ ★ LONDON ★ ★ ROTTERDAM All 11 city reports, drafted by local experts, include detailed recommendations directed at ★ specific local actors; these will form the basis for advocacy activities by the project and its ANTWERP partners. The overview report has recommendations at the international level that will PARIS touch all countries covered by the reports and be directed primarily at the European Union ★ (EU) and other international organisations. By fostering new dialogue and policy initiatives between Muslim communities, local officials, and international policymakers, the At Home in Europe project seeks to improve the participation and inclusion of Muslims in the wider society while enabling them to preserve the cultural, linguistic, and religious practices that are important to their identities. ★ MARSEILLE OSI OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE muslim-publish+cimlap-2010-02-08:Layout 1 2010. 02. 08. 13:49 Page 1 Muslims in Europe A Report on 11 EU Cities At Home in Europe Project Open Society Institute New York – London – Budapest muslim-publish+cimlap-2010-02-08:Layout 1 2010. 02. 08. 13:49 Page 2 Publishing page OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE Október 6. Street 12. 400 West 59th Street H-1051 Budapest New York, NY 10019 Hungary USA OPEN SOCIETY FOUNDATION 100 Cambridge Grove W6 0LE London UK © Open Society Institute, 2010 All rights reserved TM a Copyright © 2010 Open Society Institute AT HOME IN EUROPE PROJECT ISBN Number: 978-1-936133-01-7 Second Edition Website www.soros.org/initiatives/home Cover design by Ahlgrim Design Group Layout by Q.E.D. Publishing Printed in Hungary Printed on CyclusOffset paper that was produced from 100% recycled fibres. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................... 5 Preface ........................................................................ 11 A Report on 11 EU Cities ........................................... 13 List of Definitions ................................................... 18 List of Abbreviations ............................................... 20 Executive Summary ................................................ 22 1. Introduction ....................................................... 30 2. Policy Context .................................................... 36 3. Cohesion, Belonging, Discrimination and Interactions ......................................................... 59 4. Education ........................................................... 92 5. Employment ..................................................... 109 6. Neighbourhood and Housing ........................... 133 7. Health Care ...................................................... 152 8. Policing and Security ........................................ 168 9. Civic and Political Participation ........................ 187 10. Media ............................................................. 210 11. Recommendations .......................................... 218 Annex 1. Bibliogaphy ............................................ 227 Annex 2. Additional OSI Tables ........................... 243 Annex 3. Questionnaire ........................................ 310 Annex 4. List of All Tables .................................... 334 Annex 5. Index ..................................................... 340 AT HOME IN EUROPE PROJECT 3 OSI Mission The Open Society Institute works to build vibrant and tolerant democracies whose governments are accountable to their citizens. Open societies are characterized by the rule of law; respect for human rights, minorities, and a diversity of opinions; democratically elected governments; market economies in which business and government are separate; and a civil society that helps keep government power in check. To achieve our mission, we seek to shape public policies that assure greater fairness in political, legal, and economic systems and safeguard fundamental rights. We implement initiatives to advance justice, education, public health, and independent media. We build alliances across borders and continents on issues such as corruption and freedom of information. Working in every part of the world, the Open Society Institute places a high priority on protecting and improving the lives of people in marginalized communities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the research and expertise of a number of people who have been engaged with the At Home in Europe Project of the Open Society Institute for the last three years. Tufyal Choudhury of Durham University is responsible for writing this report and Miriam McCarthy has analysed the data contained in this report from the research collected from 11 cities of the European Union. Tufyal was the author of the OSI report “The Situation of Muslims in the UK” (2002) and led the OSI research on Muslims in the UK, editing and contributing to the publication “Muslims in the UK: Policies for Engaged Citizens (2005). We would like to acknowledge the primary role of the following individuals in researching and drafting individual monitoring reports upon which this report is based. Views expressed are not representative of the organisations they are affiliated to or employed by. Overview and City Reporting Teams Overview Tufyal Choudhury Researcher Senior Pol icy Advisor, At Home in Europe Project; Lecturer in law, University of Durham, UK Miriam McCarthy Primary Data Analyst Independent consultant, London, UK Amsterdam Mayke Kaag Researcher African Studies Centre, Leiden University, the Netherlands Farid Tab arki Interview and Focus Group Founder/Director of Studio Coordinator, Zeitgeist, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Antwerp Noel Clycq Researcher ; Interview and Centre for Migration and Focus Group Coordinator Intercultural Studies, University of Antwerp, Belgium Berlin Nina Mühe Researcher ; Interview and Europe University Viadrina, Focus Group Coordinator Frankfurt/Oder, Germany AT HOME IN EUROPE PROJECT 5 A REPORT ON 1 1 EU CITIES Copenhagen Mustafa Hussain Researcher ; Interview and Lecturer in Sociology, Roskilde Focus Group Coordinator University, Denmark Hamburg Andreas Hieronymus Researcher ; Interview and Institute for Research on Focus Group Coordinator Migration and Racism (IMiR), Hamburg, Germany Leicester Dilwar Hussain and the Researcher ; Interview and Policy Research Centre, Islamic Policy Research Team Focus Group Coordinator Foundation, Leicester, UK Marseille Françoise Lorcerie and Researchers ; Interview and Centre national de la recherche Vincent Geisser Focus Group Coordinator scientifique, Institut de recherches et d'études sur le monde arabe et musulman (CNRS), Aix-en-Provence, France Paris Valerie Amiraux Researcher Professor of Sociology, University of Montreal, Canada Ça ğla Aykaç Interview and Focus Group École des Hautes Études en Coordinator Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris, France Isabelle Tanquay Data analyser University of Montreal, Canada Rotterdam Kim Jansen Researcher Independent consultant, researcher on sociology of religion, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Deniz Gökçe Gemici Interview and Focus Group Independent consultant, Coordinator Rotterdam, the Netherlands 6 OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Stockholm Elena Dingu -Kyrklund Researcher Centre for Research in International Migration and Ethnic Relations (CEIFO), Stockholm, Sweden Adrián Groglopo Interview and Focus Group Department of Sociology, Umeå Coordinator University, Sweden London (Waltham Forest) Myriam Cherti Researcher Institute of Public Policy Research (IPPR), London, UK Nujhat Jahan Interview and Focus Group Faith Regen Foundation, London, Coordinator UK We thank all the interviewers in the 11 cities, who worked with the Interviewer and Focus Group Coordinator in collecting the data. The following individuals peer reviewed and offered critique to the draft version of this report: Elizabeth Collett Senior Policy Analyst, European Integration and Citizenship, European Policy Centre, Brussels, Belgium Professor John Andersen Professor of Urban Planning and Sociology, Department of Environment, Social and Spatial Change, Roskilde University, Denmark Professor Tariq Modood Centre for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship, University of Bristol, UK Mohammed Abdul Aziz Chair, European Network Against Racism (ENAR), Brussels, Belgium Ros ita Aiesha Planning Policy Team,